Investigation of Human Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Investigation of Human Disease - Essay Example Without vitamin K, the levels of these clotting factors will be significantly decreased leading to bleeding tendencies. Liver diseases such as cirrhosis, hepatitis, and atrophy all lead to failure of liver to secrete bile which is necessary for fat metabolism and its absorption together with vitamin K therefore, decreasing absorption of vitamin K as well. Laboratory results are prolonged bleeding time, PT and prolonged to normal PTT, normal platelet count, decreased levels of coagulation factors except VIII, decreased thrombin time and fibrinogen levels (Guyton & Hall, 2008). Warfarin (Coumadin), an oral anticoagulant functions by antagonizing vitamin K through the enzyme epoxide reductase which blocks vitamin K to be reduced in its active form. Thus the Vitamin K-dependent clotting factors as well as the anticoagulant proteins C and S which are produced in the liver are rendered inactive. About 97% of warfarin is tightly bound to plasma protein primarily albumin. Toxicity of the dru g is dose dependent in which single intake of 10-20 mg only leads to mild intoxication. Meanwhile, chronic intake of small quantities of even 2-5 mg daily can result to considerable anticoagulation effects particularly with ingestion of interacting drugs. Likewise, superwarfarins are long acting and are utilized primarily as rodenticides can be highly potent resulting to extended adverse effects with dose as little as 1 mg. Laboratory findings are prolonged bleeding time and PT and decreased coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X. The main consequence of warfarin or superwarfarin poisoning is bleeding (Olson, n.d.). VKOR (Vitamin K epoxide reductuse) can indicate dosages of warfarin and is encoded by the gene VKORC1. Vitamin K is fat-soluble and is needed as cofactor for the carboxylation of ?-carbon of the glutamic acid residues of the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors namely II, VII, IX, and X. The process is a vital stage for calcium and phospholipid to bind with these protein s. Epoxide reductase and ?-glutamylcarboxylase are important enzymes for metabolism and renewal of vitamin K. Genetic mutations involving these enzymes lead to their defective functioning eventually decreasing also the function of the vitamin-K dependent clotting factors. Laboratory findings are prolonged PT aPTT, and bleeding time, and decreased factors II, VII, IX, and X. Clinical manifestations of the disorder are characterized by hemorrhages ranging from mild to severe that may be apparent at birth. Medical interventions include replacement therapy with fresh frozen plasma or PCCs (Fauci, A., et al., 2008). Patient 2: Laboratory results: Marginal low thrombin time Diagnosis: Factor V Leiden Factor V Leiden mutation is present in about up to 15% of Caucasians. Genetic mutation of glutamine to arginine substitution at 506 position results to a factor V that is resistant to cleavage by protein C. Consequently, a significant antithrombotic counter-regulatory mechanism is lost result ing to a hypercoagulable state which may predispose a patient to develop thrombus formation (Kumar, et al., 2010). APC acts to inactivate factors Va and VIIIa via activation of thrombomodulin by thrombin. Protein C attaches with thrombomodulin producing then APC. Activated protein C also attaches with protein S on surface membranes of platelets. With this, APC can now lyse activated factors V and VIII. But with factor V Leiden, factor V

Barn Burning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Barn Burning - Essay Example Somewhere deep inside, Sarty just want to do what he personally thinks is right but because of his very young ager I do not think he reasonably has thought of that yet. His concept of right and wrong has been largely influenced by his dictatorial father. We as well get an idea of the character of Abner through the manner Sarty depicts his physical appearance. After reading the story, I suddenly thought of my own family and ask myself at what point should an individual break his/her ties to his/her family when the revelation of the truth is involved? Parents, specifically fathers, tend to be tyrannical in their manner of instilling values to their children which at times hides the truth from a young heart and mind. This is the moral dilemma that is vividly explored in the story and one that is confronted by many Christians. Christians have been taught to love and respect their families even at times of moral difficulties. But religion also teaches us to lean to the truth and never distort the things that actually transpired. At one time in my life, I was confronted with this decision of either conforming with the morality that my father instilled in me, or asserting my own version of morality and individuality through escaping or running away, by abandoning my family and the pain that I was enduring. However, just like Sarty, I realized that the tyranny of my father is an expression of his own individuality which is shaped and represented by everything that is actually morally wrong and wicked, yet remains to be my own hero of truth. I strongly believe that family ties form a moral commitment on the individual, but consequently, fails to acknowledge the imminent that there is a greater morality which might demand the individual to take action upon the binding family

Culture Paper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Culture Paper 2 - Essay Example It is important to study the culture to evaluate different believes and relates them to the human service field. Cultural components are essential as they define the manner in which people interracial. Interaction is encouraged but some limits are placed to allow certain members of a given community to act in accordance to cultural expectations. The rituals and beliefs within a given community are essential as they bring synergy while at the same time act as means of identify. Defining the cultural spaces could be done in an effort to evaluate a given setup and apply models that would be acceptable in the community. The cultural misunderstanding is major undoing in the field of human service. Understanding the immediate environment is essential as it allows proper planning and application of certain models. The essay will concentrate on cultural practices and beliefs among the Mapuche‎ in Chile. The aim would be to discuss the cultural components in relation to the Human service. The moral and ethical components are derived from culture. Beliefs and practices are aimed at ensuring the ex ternal and internal environments coexist. The Mapuche‎ culture bases on moral and ethical components. The unifying component in this culture is their preservative nature. The cultures are taught throughout the generation. According to Ladio and Lozada (2006), the father in this culture is tasked with ensuring his family is united and that core values are protected. According to the author, the family is made up of the father and other members of the extended family. The females within this culture are placed lower within the ranks (Ladio & Lozada, 2006). The female gender is less involved in matters decision making. The power of the male gender is visible in meetings and other gatherings. During family disputes, the males are actively involved in resolving conflicts. The elders conduct the mediation processes in the Mapuche‎ Culture. The male dominated

Security Strategies in Web Applications Essay Example for Free

Security Strategies in Web Applications Essay Web application design and coding defects are the main reasons to create a secure coding policy and guidelines. The policy/guidelines are to provide awareness and ensure security when developing code. Techniques to secure code review: Generally, IT analyst can divide the secure code review process into two different techniques: 1. Automated tool based/ Black Box: In this approach, the secure code review is done using different open source/commercial tools. Mostly developers use them while they are coding, but a security analyst may also take help of them. Tools are very useful while doing code review when we implement the secure SDLC process in the organization and provide the tool to developers themselves to do a â€Å"self-code† review while they are coding. Also, the tools are useful in analyzing large codebase (millions of lines). They can quickly identify potential insecure pieces of code in the code base, which may be analyzed by the developer or a security analyst (Infosec). 2. Manual/ White Box: In this technique, a thorough code review is performed over the whole code, which may become a very tedious and tiresome process. But in this process, logical flaws may be identified which may not be possible using automated tools, such as business logic problems. Automated tools are mostly capable of finding technical flaws such as injection attacks but may miss flaws like authorization problems. In this process, instead of going line by line through whole code base, we can concentrate on potential problems in the code. Those potential vulnerabilities can be given a high priority. For example, in C/C++, if we try to find any copying function in the code and check whether it’s using functions such as, strcpy() for performing copy function. As we know, strcpy() is known to be vulnerable to buffer overflow attacks. We may also want to check if any customized encryption is being used in the application, which automated tools may miss as they can identify standard algorithms only  (Infosec). Introducing security into NIST’s Five SDLC Phases: Initiation Phase Consists of all activities used to identify the different requirements from all stakeholders. This includes defining stakeholders, conducting stakeholder interviews and possibly some basic prototyping. It is also important to identify security requirements (Harwood, 2011). Development Acquisition Phase Transition functional and technical requirements into detailed plans for an actual information system. Results from interviews, use cases, and mock ups are developed into sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, state diagrams, and other artifacts that can be interpreted by software developers. User interfaces are also defined in greater detail (Harwood, 2011). Implementation Assessment Phase Actual coding of an information system. All of the analysis and design artifacts previously created are transformed into application code by developers/programmers. This phase also includes testing and debugging (Harwood, 2011). Operations Maintenance Phase Encompasses all activities required to keep the system working as intended (monitoring, patch management, application fault remediation and audits). Disposition Phase Ensures that information is retained, as necessary, to conform to current legal requirements and to accommodate future technology changes that may render the retrieval method obsolete (Harwood, 2011). Summarization: The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a process to help ensure the successful development, operation and retirement of information systems. The SDLC has numerous methodologies including: Waterfall, Fountain, Spiral, Build and Fix, Rapid Prototyping, Incremental, and Synchronization and Stabilize. While they share common processes such as Design, Implementation, and testing, one of the most promising methodologies is Waterfall. It has several advantages: It is one of the most widely used and accepted methodologies and nearly all other methodologies derive from Waterfall. Its linear approach makes it easy to demonstrate where security fits into each phase. A crucial part of the SDLC is the source code review. The purpose of source code review is to discuss, exchange information, and explain the code. Explaining the code will help identify problems and may provide new solutions in the troubleshooting process. Effective code reviews can include  automated reviews. It is vital to implement security controls at each phase of the SDLC (Harwood, 2011). Best practices should include policies and guidelines that explain that software should be free from exploitable code vulnerabilities to meet the level of confidence. The code should provide security functionality as intended. Review and maintain Best Practices and guidelines annually. Including security early in the information system development life cycle (SDLC) will usually result in less expensive and more effective security than adding it to an operational system (Harwood, 2011). Works Cited Harwood, M. (2011). In Security Strategies in Web Applications and Social Networking. Burlington: Jones Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. Infosec. (n.d.). Retrieved from Infosec: http://resources.infosecinstitute.com/secure-code-review-practical-approach/

Motivation And Group Team Working Business Essay

Motivation And Group Team Working Business Essay Molander Winterton (1994, p.3) states that Anyone who has spent time in a number of work organizations will have noticed how the climate differs, the different ways in which things are done, differing levels of energy and individual freedom, and of course, different kinds of people. And The complex mixture of assumptions, behaviors, stories, myths, metaphors (symbols) and other ideas that fit together to define what it means to be a member of a particular society, this view has been supported in the work of Stoner and Freeman (1999, p.181.). Culture is derived from notional context, clearly linked to strategy and determines how strategy can be implemented. In successful organization, there is a strong culture. In 2006, Haier is the worlds 4th largest whitewoods manufacturer and one of China top 100 IT company. In addition, Haier branches in technology research, manufacture industry, trading and financial services with 240 subsidiary companies and 30 design centers, plants and trade companies and more than 50,000 employees around the world. The global revenue was approximately 10,000 million pounds. Nevertheless 20 years ago, Haier was a small state owned company in Qingdao, China and it was losing $178,000 on annual revenues of $421,000. (Haier, 2010) During that period, it had built up its own sales network around world, export more than 160 countries. Meanwhile, Haier just product refrigerators originally, now its product range cover dozens of categories in the domestic electrical appliance market with thousands of individual products. What makes Haier from a small unsuccessful company, which is nearly shut down to an international large-scale enterprise? It is the Zhangs hammer. Zhang Ruimin the CEO of Haier Corporation, he drives and transforms Haier to a global player. Haiers culture, style and operational approach reflect its Chinese traditions and its successes are identified with its key leaders. Haier president Yang Mianmian states her strategy of one low (price), three high (value, growth and quality) it is also cited as a key for Haiers continuing success. A story of Zhang Ruimin that took in a day in 1985, Zhang took a sledgehammer to a row of 76 faulty Haier fridges to the whole workforce who were lined up to watch ( a fridge cost about two years wages in that year). Zhang said: If we do not destroy these refrigerators, what is be shattered by the market in the future will be this enterprise. This hammer is a symbol of Zhangs complete rejection of the previous company attitude that defective products could be tolerated and knocked out at a discount. This story signifies that Haier Corporation is with a strong and distinctive culture. The international strategy of Haier seeks to offer a fast delivery and good service to local market and customers by make maximum use of local labour resources and capital. It is always changing products for the local preferences and habits (as with the wine fridge), a practice that could become costly in terms of complexity and logistics. Haiers global branding strategy aims at standing as a local brand in different market. With the strong Haier culture, Zhang has decided to go for the difficult markets first on the basis that success in these markets would require the company to improve faster than seeking to dominate less fiercely contested markets. Haier has dominated the Chinese market, though Zhang has sought to expand the network through alliances, such as the 2002 agreement with Sanyo, this agreement helps Haier force into Japan market. Haiers strong culture can be seen most clearly in its internal relationships even exporting to other country. Haier built and opened a factory in South Carolina to serve the American market. At first, its methods were strange to the new employees from local labour market. However, according to a report in the Chinese Peoples Daily: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦both sides have harmonious exchanges, the difference of cultural background, instead of causing estrangement between the Chinese and American workers in their work, has increased their interest in mutual understanding. Initially, the American workers were against to volunteer for overtime to complete the days target work, but the Haier culture motivated them accept the strange work system from China and even prepare for the next days work at Independent Day. Haier seems spread its culture to America. Nowadays, Haier represent as a super brand from China manage to establish and consolidate its position as global brand. As CEO Zhang said: Another challenge unique to China is we have started our brand development late. So we have to catch up in a very short period of time. I will give you an analogy: Its like constructing a 10 story building. Our foreign competitors have already finished all the way up to the ninth floor. The Chinese market is their tenth floor. Once they have moved successfully into the China market, they will be finished with building this high-rise. But in China, we have only built the first floor. There are still nine floors to go. The story recently carried out in the Essentials of organizational behavior by Mullins (2008 cited in Lecture note University of Birmingham Organizational behavior course, 2009). Haier makes culture as a tool of upgrade and powerful company. The aspects of culture can be national, organizational, or interest group, relatively enduring values, beliefs, customs, traditions, and practices commonly shared by a discrete group-defines boundaries between organizations. It also can be transmitted from one generation to the next-conveys a sense of stability and identity. Culture is something larger than individual self-interest, provides standards and control mechanisms. Innovation and risk, attention to detail, outcome orientation, people orientation, team orientation and stability perceived as organization culture separate the high strength employee and low strength employee. The countrys origin effect appears on most global companies that rooted in national business system of their home co untry. Hofstedes analysis has brought up cultural differences in such areas as power distance and uncertainty avoidance, such nationalities as American, British, German/European and Japanese emphasis different approaches to business. Cultures interact with such elements as national business systems, corporate control, management development and human resources management such as COKE, TOYOTA, and UBS. The Business organisation and management lecture given by Dr Peter Foss in November 2009 has shown the definition of motivation is The willingness to exert high levels of effort toward organisational goals, conditioned by the efforts ability to satisfy some individual need. Many factors can influence motivation for example, needs or expectations, behaviour or action, desired goal, frustration or fulfilment and feedback. These make a cycle system, the need or expectations leads to behaviour or action then a desired goal will be set, during the process the blockage will result in frustration, on the contrary get through the blockage will contribute to fulfilment, finally some feedback to needs or expectation. Two differing perspectives are the content theories and process theories. The content theories emphasis what and process theories accentuate how. The content theories identify our needs and strengths; provide the elements of motivation (Spicer, 2010). The Maslow Hierarchy of needs construct by 5 stages, from lowest to highest each stage has its own expectation after reach it, then will move to the next stage. We satisfy needs in the order given: physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualisation. After turn to next unsatisfied need, the satisfied need will not be a motivator any more. Meanwhile, lacks of satisfaction will effects physical and mental health. The innate desire to scale hierarchy and self-actualisation stimulates the desire for more. The Hongwu Emperor is one example to interpret this theory. Hongwu Emperor named Zhu Yuanzhang found Ming Dynasty in China, who is an outstanding military scientist and politician. He was born in Pei County in 1328 and he was the youngest of four brothers. His family was difficult to supply basic needs for them and in 1344, the broken dam of Huang River destroyed this poor family, only Zhu Yuanzhang survived. In order to dispense the terrible life condition, Zhu Yuanzhang joined a local rebel group to fight Mongol army. With a strong survivable desire, physical talent and natural leadership ability, Zhu Yuanzhang became a leader in one branch of Red Turban. The Red Turban was mixed brief by Buddhism and Zoroastrianism, the major force against Yuan Dynasty. In the 1356 Zhu Yuanzhang took control of a major city of China, Yingtian (now called Nanjing), he started operate his own policy and built his power prepared for separate from Red Turban in the future. Benefited by Zhu Yuanzhangs splendid talent, he won the largest naval battle, after won and from now on, Zhu Yuanzhang started collecting treasure and jewellery from the people under his rule and built his own palace in Yingtian. He took the rest of China and destroyed Yuan Dynasty in 1366. In the year 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself Hongwu Emperor. (Buzzle, 2010) From this story, Zhu Yuanzhang followed Maslow Hierarchy of Needs, transfer from physiological to safety when he joined the rebel group, after took control of Yingtian, and he sought for affiliation. When Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself Hongwu Emperor the stage from esteem to self-actualisation. However, the Maslow Hierarchy of Needs theory limited by live condition and level of knowledge. According to the Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Pyramid, the Physiological is the most common need and Self-actualiation is the smallest. It is not suitable for the modern world any more, with the upgrade level of human civilization. Self-actualization cannot stay at the top of Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Pyramid any more, physiological does not the basic need for most people. Theory X Type Theory Y Type People dislike work and want to avoid it Work is interesting, need it for growth Force is needed to get the right effort People will direct themselves to goal People are mostly motivated by money Desire to fulfill ones potential is motivating Most people have little creativity Creativity is available, but widely under used Source: Foss, 2009 The McGregors Theory X and Theory Y show two opposite views of individual. Managers would more support Theory Y, the mental motivators are more effective than substance motivators. The employee with Theory Y mostly will be the top of their own territory, but Theory X cannot. David McClelland learned that employee motivated by the six basic human needs: achievement, power, affiliation, independence, self-esteem and security. (Bratton, Sawchuk, Forshaw, Callinan, Corbett, 2010) The Process theories of motivation focus on the choice of motivator that effect in the period of work. How much effort the worker paid in the specific work depends on the motivator. The three process theories of motivation are equity theory, expectancy theory and goal-setting theory. ( Bratton, Sawchuk, Forshaw, Callinan, Corbett, 2010) Equity Self : Outcomes(100) Inputs(100) Other: Outcomes(100) Inputs(100) Inequity (under-rewarded) Outcomes(100) Inputs(100) Outcomes(150) Inputs(100) Inequity (over-rewarded) Outcomes(150) Inputs(100) Outcomes(100) Input(100) The Equity Theory is defined by ratio of an individuals inputs and outcomes to explain how people utilize the resources and energy to distribute fairness. The balance or imbalance direct influence the satisfaction and motivation of employees. Inequitable reward leads to dissatisfaction, lower output and departure. Equitable reward contributes to continue same level of output. More than Equitable Reward conduces to harder work, discounted reward, higher motivation. Conspicuously, the best way to manage the motivation of employees is a positive reward system. (Bratton, Sawchuk, Forshaw, Callinan, Corbett, 2010) Expectancy theory based on the expectation for the output of employees. Moreover, satisfy the equation: Force of motivation (F) = V (direction) ÃÆ'- I (probability) ÃÆ'- E (expectation), motivation is the product of direction, probability and expectation. The effort affect the performance, performance influence reward, finally the reward decide how much output and expectation. The satisfactions of personal goal approach contribute to a higher passion of employee to the work or research. (Bratton, Sawchuk, Forshaw, Callinan, Corbett, 2010) Goal-Setting theory is the process of motivate employees using goal setting method. A challenging goals lead to higher level of performance, but this hinge on the workers ability, otherwise, will damage the motivation and confidence if the goals cannot be reached. Specific goals conduce to higher value of work than oversimplified goals. An energetic employee in goal setting can improve performance by increasing commitment. Individuals belief of being capable of performing a task assisted by setting goals increases performance. (Bratton, Sawchuk, Forshaw, Callinan, Corbett, 2010) The next topic I chose is Group and Team Working. Group and team are two different conceptions. The Group is two or more people work together, face to face communication and have a common target. Nevertheless, the Team is a group of two or more people who influence and care each other, are acting as one people for common objectives and perceive themselves as a responsible entity with an organisation. (Bratton, Sawchuk, Forshaw, Callinan, Corbett, 2010) Developing from Groups into Teams is one of the managers of organization need to think over. The Team had always better than the Group that is why a group of the world best football players cannot 100% defeats a professional team with unknown players. The task and process approach of transfer group into team have a great deal of aspects: different culture if the members of the group have different nationality or culture background, choose a leader from the group, environment, motivation, resources and power or ability. There may also have plenty of uncertain and complex difficulties. Affiliation and achievement of individual needs of group members, the communicate channels, openness to each other and decision making are foundations of a team. Nowadays, team working is competitiveness, with a high competitive market race, organization required to upgrade its efficiency of work and emphasize the importance of the spirit of team working. Especially when face a large-scale project, the individual cannot finish it by itself, at this point, the age of individualism was end, an outstanding team seems be the main stream of world development. The performance of a team depends on the classification of work team, lower-level teams just make things like self-managed work team similar with a single group, middle-level teams monitor thing like project team but not perfect, the senior-level teams plans and runs things, they drive the project to be real by their steps. (Bratton, Sawchuk, Forshaw, Callinan, Corbett, 2010) To be a high performing team required a common purpose, clear defined goals, psychological, role clarity, mature communication, productive conflict resolution and accountable interdependence. Establish sense of urgency, select members for skill and skill potential, pay attention to first meetings and actions, set clear rules for each member, challenge group frequently, set and seize on a few quick performance oriented tasks, spend lots of time together and use positive feedback. The other important rule is insure psychological safety: equal voice, contribution; everyone participates; attack issues not people; privacy in team discussion. (Foss, 2009) The leader is the core of a team who manage the direction of team approach with an overall consideration. The leader should familiar with the ability and virtue of each member and makes them act best in the suitable position, stimulates the potential of them, strengthens the communication between the team and makes the members feel their importance in the team. The members of team are indispensible for the team, should have the consciousness of team working. Finishing the job of themselves is the responsibility in a team, in additional, the members of team should trust each other. The barriers to team effectiveness like social loafing, risky shift, decision-making, groupthink and common knowledge. A pernicious conflict in the team, especially between the leader and co-leader, this will dissociate the team. In the team, the 1+1 probably not larger than 2. In the 2004 NBA final, the Laker has Shaquille ONeal, Kobe Bryant, Karl Malone, Gary Payton and the coach Phil Jackson versus the Pistons. Everyone believed the NBA most powerful team in the last 20 years would defeat the team without one superstar easily. However, the result was the Pistons defeat the Lakers with score 4 to 1. Actually, Shaquille, Kobe, Karl and Gary they are great basketball players no matter in the league or history, but they are not a team, just a famous group. Kobe and Shaquille not get along well for the team leader, Karl and Gary desire for a champion ring, a team with domestic trouble and foreign invasion cannot call a team. The three topics are from the module organizational behaviour and sociology of work. An abundant knowledge of organizational behaviour helps handle the relationship between employees and managers in the organization and have the positive function to the company development. The first topic is organizational culture, and the first part is the definition about organizational culture. Next using the Haier cooperation as the application organizational example, during the application part connects with the theory of organizational culture. The final part is described the key theory and principles, in addition, the criticisms of the theory and principles in this part either. The second topic is motivation. The first part is explain what motivation is and provides The Maslow Hierarchy of needs theory as the main theory. Using the Hongwu Emperor as the example to explain the maslow hierarchy of needs theory. The following is the criticisms and personal opinion against the maslow hierarchy of needs theory. Finally part is the other key principles and theory. The last topic is group and team working. The first part is same with the other two parts explain the definition of group and team working. Next depict the differences between group and team. The Laker from NBA is the organization to show how to manage a team and the barriers to team effectiveness. The Organizational culture, Motivation and Group and team working are important aspects to an organization. The knowledge of organizational behaviour is art of human relationship in the organization, it is the mental spirit of an organization. A successful management of organizational behaviour not only build a concordant relationship during the employees and managers but also clear the barriers to organization upgrade and performance.

Does Fast Food Cause Obesity?

Does Fast Food Cause Obesity? Fast Food Cause Obesity The United States is a free country where we are allowed to choose and pick whatever restaurants we eat at, order at those restaurants, type of food we purchase at the grocery store, etc.Twenty percent of children in US are considered overweight or obese at age 11. It has various severe enduring effects for your health, and it is a important cause of preventable deaths in the USA. Obesity can lead to high blood pressure diabetes, and heart disease if left untreated. Even though we are living in a nation with technological advancement and great economic power we have negligible quantity of realistic nutritional facts. Currently we are existing in a territory which is plagued with obesity. Evidently, there are more than a few diverse reasons for our countrys lofty percentage of obese inhabitants. Several just dont make out how to eat healthy, which can be tougher than supposed, or might not have the time to sit down to a healthy food. Or just discover it simpler to collect something co ming home from work or school than cook. Most people today do not take out time to exercise nor do they eat healthy foods. In these days society people consume fast food further than 3 times a day. Fast food has been illustrated as food which is made in rush for people who do not have time for proper meal times. These foods are extremely trendy with the working people and students in view of the fact that they do not have sufficient time to sit and get pleasure from a complete meal course. Fast food comprises of the burgers and fries. These kinds of foods are typically made in hurry to meet the growing demand particularly throughout the rush hours. The recognition of this kind of food is hang on the reality that they are for all time ready and can be taken in a short notice as in opposition to the complete meal course where one has to set an order in advance. The total of fast food restaurants since 1990, in industry have raised in doubled, which connects to about 200,000 organizations in the USA. Surprisingly, 30 % of the population of U.S. is influenced by obesity and 15 % of kids and adolescents are as well affected. Thus there is a connection among fast food and obesity?[ Brownell, Kelly] Fast food is at the present served up at every restaurants and drive-through. The entire experience of buying fast food has turn out to be so routine, so methodically unexceptional and ordinary, that it is at the present taken for granted, like cleaning your teeth. It has turn out to be a social custom as American as a little, rectangular, hand-held, freezing, and heated apple pie. On any specified day in the United States with reference to one-quarter of the adult population stopovers a fast food restaurant. When we listen in the name of McDonald, KFC’s, Pizza Hut the water appears in our mouth as it meet all our taste prerequisites at a low down price. The fast food which is prepared from these companies is serve up commercially, which takes simply a only some seconds to accumulate, is appetizing and affordable. Other than while eating this delicious food, have we think regarding the nutritional compromises, this food include a huge amount of fats and oils, carbohydrates which can source a larger risk of hypertension, diabetes, create person fluffy and also source of cancer heart attack. Eating fast food in huge amount constructs poison in the body. So, in additional words we can state that we are procuring poison in the structure of fast food.[ Schlosser, Eric,] The majority of our towns and cities have chains of fast food located on each corner and at the similar time our newpapers, television, and radio stations are packed with commercials alluring us to trial the diverse products in proffer in these establishments. It is valued to be noted that the majority of these ads are typically directed in the direction of kids and adolescents validating the grounds why obesity amongst these groups has been on the ascend. Research which have been executed in diverse cities in America have establish out that the majority of the joints of fast food are expediently located close to colleges, schools, and offices. In a research which was carried out by National Bureau of Economic Research it was establish that school kids whose classes were merely a few blocks away from an outlet of fast food were additional expected to endure from obesity as evaluated to those whose school was only mile away from the fast food outlet. The study establish out that the overweight and obesity rate amongst these kids was 5% superior amongst those whose schools were close to fast food outlets in contrast to those students whose schools were in areas which were far away from the fast food outlets which sold this kind of food (Rabin, R 2009) Studies has establish that those families which prefer the fast food as their foremost meal for additional than 3 times in one week are at an extremely lofty hazard of developing obesity. In terms of medical, obesity has been explained as a concern of public health which is putting a lot of people at hazard of developing impediments which might direct to early on death. Obesitymeans an excess amount of body fat. If a persons body mass is no less than 20% higher than what it be supposed to be, he or she is usually deemed as obese. If persons Body Mass Index (BMI) is between 25 and 29.9 he or she is considered as an overweight. If a persons BMI is 30 or over he or she is considered as obese. Obesity has been influencing a lot of the people of American on an unconstructive scale. If prospective on how to fight this battle is changed, we will carry on to lose. Pediatricians, Parents, and even political leaders and Government are focused on promoting healthy weight in kids because obesity is becoming a huge epidemic in the United States. The fast foods are loaded in energy giving foods constructing them superior cause for weight gain amongst individuals who eat this kind of food. They are additional overloaded fats and sugars to construct them tempting to the customers, these 2 nutrients have superior calories rate as compared to additional kind of food. The reality that they are inveigled and sweetened with sugar and fats constructs the consumer to consume in huge quantities to satisfy their urge. They are as well identified to eat regularly in bits such that they do not acquire any further meal aside from these foods. This disallow them a prospect to provide their bodies with additional essential nutrients consequently being prone to obesity. Most of us do not know how much fat and grease goes into these fries and burgers and everything else, but this does not seem to usually matter to us Americans until we have reached a stage of embarrassment of, obese weight from eating our favorite fast food way too many times a week. The United States is a free country. Where we are allowed to choose and pick whatever restaurants we eat at, order at those restaurants, how a great deal food we purchase at the grocery shops, the type of food we acquire at the grocery store, etc.Twenty percent of children in US are considered overweight or obese at age 11. It has various serious long-term consequences for your health, and it is a important cause of preventable deaths in the USA. Perhaps from physical problems with an emotional attachment to foods, it could lead to compulsive overeating, Psychological problems like other factors in obesity that are recounted to obesity are not the sources, however are the consequences. The ‘enormou s psychological burden’ imposed by obesity on an individual ‘might be the severest outcome on obesity. Weight gain starts when you eat more calories than your body utilizes up. If the food you eat provides more calories than your body needs, the excess food is converted to fat. Fat cells initially, increase in size. They increase in number, when they can no longer expand. If one loses weight, the bulk of the fat cells lessens, excluding the numeral of cells do not. We start to finally realize when all fat and grease has made it straight to our body, and every other organ for that matter. Obesity in general runs in families which are sourced by shared lifestyle habits and diet.. Obesity can lead to high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease if left untreated. Even though we are living in a nation with technological advancement and great economic power we have smallest amount of nutritional practical facts. We are existing on a ground which is plagued with obesity. US health Policymakers are saying that aggressive action need to be taken to stem the growth of theobesityepidemic in the United States, which is effecting the nation’s health-care system, approaching many of Americans into an untimely death each year and endangering the lives of millions ofchildren, many of whom are or obese overweight before they enter kindergarten. Several local and state governments have recommended put into practice an excise tax on sugar-appeased drinks.[ Caraher M, Cowburn] Obesity can lead to a number of different health issues; one of the most popular is high blood pressure. One half of Americans aged 50-65 have high blood pressure, which is a rising risk factor for stroke and heart disease and two in five are obese according to Health, United States 2005 [Van Itallie ] High blood pressure is an rise in the blood amount your heart is pushing through the body with every heartbeat.Main apprehension for the overweight citizens of our state is the health problems that come from obesity, the heart problems type two diabetes, and the many lives are lost today because of obesity. There has been a dispute that fast foods do not source obesity to a certain extent than eating of extra calories than the body can devour is what directs to gain of weight. Individuals who hold this view dispute that environmental features for instance fast food consumption on a usual basis might direct to weight gain and eventually the peril of obesity however on the identical note such eating might not direct to weight gain. It has been mentioned that one can in point of fact lose weight when they are yet on such sort of diet. This can be made in the course of balancing the right amount of consumed calories in the day course and what the body eventually uses. If the body utilizes further than is typically consumed the individual will lose some weight. One of the attributes which one must deem in an endeavor to establish whether fast food in reality source obesity is to glance at the choices of lifestyle which may direct to this predicament. For instance people who have made it a practice to eat fast food for the superior fraction of their week devoid of engaging in additional physical activities will further expected append weight and possibly wind up being obese. Conversely it is worthy to note that eating of further type of food particularly those which are lower in fats will not for all time direct to problems of body weight. It is clearly apparent that people who eat fast food are at a larger risk of being obese than those who consume further type of food. (Seeman Neil and Patrick Luciani.2008) Fast food if taken devoid of self-control direct to disturbing effects, they construct children append weight; add to the risk of problems of cardiovascular in addition to diabetes. Obesity is one of the foremost predicaments connected with this sort of consumption. Consumption of Fast food has been illustrated by nutritional specialist as meager feeding in view of the fact that one does not acquire all the requisite nutrients and additional predominantly in the correct quantity. Fast foods are identified to be loaded in energy the majority of which is piled up in the body as fats make them hazardous for the consumers. Department of US of Health and Human Services (HHS) since 1980 has publishedHealthy Peoplereports every decade that: identify national health targets for ten years, encourage collaborations across various sectors, guide individuals toward making informed health decisions and measure the impact of prevention activity. The new aim could be achieved by diminishing calorie intake, increasing physical activity or both. These goals among other things include specific recommendations that address, sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, nutritional labeling, the availability of lower-calorie children’s meals in restaurants, marketing of food and beverages to children, and) to monitor and track a child’s body-mass index and provide interventions using the electronic medical record (EMR]. By Telling someone to stop simply eating will not cure the obesity disease because it needs to be something that is in the genes of the person. By telling someone simply to exercise more will not cure the obesity disease because food can be used as an outlet for stress. There is no clean-cut cause of obese, so there will never be a clear cut solution either. Governments can as well aid reduce obesity, a lot of experts say, by providing farmers’ markets and supermarkets with incentives to offer healthier foods and institute their trades in small-income areas.[ Smed S, Jensen JD, Denver]. Many, local governments schools and hospitals around the country have implemented policies to reduce obesity by banning the sale and serving of sugary drinks, which are high in calories and have little or no nutritional value Conclusion A good solution to any health concerns would be to grow your own food in a garden in your yard. When you grow your own food, you know what’s going into the food, where it is coming from, and how fresh it is. Foods grown by you are usually the healthiest, too, because it is almost always a natural process.[ Dong D, Lin B.], Research which have been executed in the current past have established that fast food is the foremost source of obesity amongst the school going kids particularly in areas which fast food outlets are located close to schools or areas visited by this section of the population. In a few areas authorities have gone further on to limit opening up of outlets close to school to avert the children from over consuming these foods. This is one of the measures which must be reinforced to make certain that the kids to not over pamper in fast food divulging them to obesity. The masses must also be taught on the hazards of fast food, people must be persuaded to moderate their use to keep away from weight problems and additional complications connected with it. There are a variety of ways for promoting healthy weight in kids. We can resolve overeating of food issues at home and school. We can force our children to increase exercise and activity. For the majority children who are heavy or overweight, the safest and the majority efficient means to lose weight is to eat less andexerciseextra.. Make a chart this month to restrict fast food. You definitely do not have to slash it out altogether, nevertheless center on small improvements to the degree that you can. Just by setting your lunch a few days a week, you can use considerably less fat and calories. As it turns out to be easier for you, make extra changes. Steady changes can guide to an extensive healthy life. Health is more significant then taste as a result by increasing eating homemade food give assurance to our health by giving up consumption of fast food calories or fats and refined sugar and by eating fresh vegetables, fruits, milk and additional nutrient horded food in our daily diet. As a result, we have got to give up fast food and consume food which provides vitamins, fiber, minerals and additional protecting food to safeguard us in opposition to heart attack, diabetes cancers, and additional degenerative disorders..As it can be perceived that the food which is additionally fresh have more nutritional implication as the homemade food is always fresh includes no preservative or chemical and constructs us wealthy, healthy, and wise. At last the effect appears to be that fast food is in large or small quantity provides diseases simply in contrast that homemade food enhances our health. As a result, endeavor should be to expand eating homemade food as a substitute of junk fast food. References Currie,J Vigna,S Moretti,E and Pathania,V (2009) Effects of Fast Food Restaurant on Obesity accessed from http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~sdellavi/wp/fastfoodJan09.pdf on 26th August 2011 Seeman Neil and Patrick Luciani.(2008)XXL:obesity and the limits of shame, University of Toronto Press Rabin,R (2009) Proximity to Fast Food a Factor in Student Obesity, New York Times accessed from http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/26/health/nutrition/26obese.html on 24th August 2011 Facilities Management: Definition and Scope Facilities Management: Definition and Scope There are many definitions and imprecations of the term facilities management. The British Institute for facilities Management (1996) defines it as: The practice of coordinating the physical workplace with the people and work of an organization, (It) integrates the principle of business administration, architecture and the behavioral and engineering sciences. As the overview of this definition (Figure 1.1) shows, facilities management represents broad ranging issues. Managing Facilities The overview of facilities Management Facilities Management Behavioral and engineering science The physical workspace People The work of the organization Architecture Business administration What value does facilities management has the hotels? If facilities management is about managing physical assets, it has considerable relevance to other hospitality businesses, as the property or the premises in which the hospitality is delivered, form a major part of the product package sold to customers. Customer needs could be for overnight accommodation, a meeting area or a restaurant meal. In each case, the physical assets will form an important part of the product. Some of the common elements required to produce the accommodation product are shown in figure 1.2. Guests might also require: A source of information (e.g. regarding to other amenities) Privacy Secretarial assistance Porter age Car- Parking Space Ramp Access Lifts Personal laundry service Sleeping facilities As can be seen, the physical assets are prominent. The list could go on. Whereas many of the identified needs of customers are tangible (e.g. the lift, the guestroom and the hot water) and relate to physical assets, other needs (e.g. security and feeling of well-being) are largely intangible. Since the accommodation forms a major part of product, even in small hotels, the capital outlay or revenue expenditure on the property is proportionately high compared with other businesses. In order for business to be conducted in a hotel, it is essential for at least certain of the physical assets to be actively managed. Although the term facilities management might not be used, elements of facilities management would need to be applied to hotels to achieve business success. The Accommodation product Appropriate heating lighting and ventilation Appropriate personal security Feeling of well-being Satisfactory standard of hygiene, safety, cleanliness, appearance and maintenance Provision for personal hygiene Food and beverage provision Design and dà ©cor Appropriate furniture, fittings, furnishings and equipment The development of facilities management A property based discipline Facilities management as a practice has its roots in the USA, where development took place during the 1980s. It is evolving from a property management, services and maintenance (including cleaning, caretaking, and waste disposal and catering) into a much more proactive, strategic role. In this role, it is also concerned with the design of property and the work environment, purchasing and future management and maintenance of the property thus, it covers a broad area of non-core activities (see Figure 1.3). Such activities could include IT Services and even human resources management. It is strategic role of facilities management which will be developed in this book. The evolution of facilities management Repairs and maintenance Cleaning and waste disposal Property purchase and design for target market Property valuation to determine use Refits to meet change or need Changes of service to meet change in demand patterns Policies on space utilization and staffing implications Policies on planned management of all physical assets From a management perspective, facilities management must consider the needs of all building users, together with the needs of others who may affect by the management of the building. The needs of the following people, therefore, have to be considered. Shareholders have an interest in business and property value and the asset value and service standards must be maintained or developed. Employees need an efficient working environment. This is conductive to high morale and to high morale and to high quality and productivity. Customers in a hotel will not only be visiting the establishment, the will, hopefully, enjoy using its facilities. Considerable expertise must go into creating an atmosphere and environment which reinforces the good image of the organization. The local community will be affected by the property. Aspects such as visual appearance, pollution, traffic (as a result of business), employment and the encouragement of local custom must be all managed. Reliable suppliers who provide consistent quality are very important to the success of any organization. They might be providing a service, staff, equipment or supplies. Partnership, strategic alliances and other agreements are some means by which this group can be managed. Recent history gives some indication as to how and why the concept of facilities management, in general, not just in the hospitality industry, has developed in the last decade and the hospitality industry, has developed in the last decade and suggest that although many of the strands are not new, the overall approach does not have a different emphasis. The various factors which may have attributed to the rise in facilities management will now be considered. The scope of facilities management Car fleet management Cleaning Construction Contract management Energy management Furniture selection Human resources Health and safety Interior design Lighting IT management Linen and laundry Maintenance Mechanical engineering Organizational behavior Project management Reprographics and design Security Space planning management Procurement and supplies management Travel management Accounts Acoustics Architecture Computer and design Factors attributing to the development of facilities management Cost reductions Fierce competition, depressed trading conditions, higher energy costs and other economic elements have forced companies to look at all means of reducing costs and maintaining the market edge. Facilities costs can be very significant. Stipanuk and Roffman (1992) estimated that a full service hotel of under 125 rooms has an average expense of 11.9 per cent of turnover for property management and energy. With costs, savstings can best be made at the design stage of buildings. The development of ideas on terotechnology (considering life-cycle costs at the planning stage) is yet another probable stimulus for the development of facilities management concepts. In response to the rising awareness of property costs, attempts have been made to forecast total ownership costs of buildings (life-cycle costs) at the planning stage. These costs would include: Initial (fixed costs) + Operating costs + Residual costs (e.g. demolition or sale). The need for flexibility Continuous change of policy, market and methods within organizations is now common. Whereas once, such decisions and changes whereas once, such decisions and changes were momentous and seen to be long-lasting, now they are considered to be more routine. At one time, there was only an occasional need for someone to oversee change whereas now that person is needed full-time. Changes related to physical assets include extending or reducing overall working space, modifying workstations to facilitate changing work methods or achieving building modifications in line with rate of churn (i.e. movement of personnel within the jobs in the building). Obsolescence related to workspace rarely, means physical delay, it often means the right fabric in the place. Such as process of change has been evidenced in hotels with relation to computerization and in restaurants as eating habits change and customer expectations of environment alter. In addition, response time needs to be fast. Downtime is wast e. Hotel rooms are a perishable commodity as those not sold twice tomorrow night. Acknowledgement of the facilities as a major resource of the business itself, often means that premises are used round the clock. Trends in the development of facilities management Many changes in recent years have been technological (e.g. building design and telecommunications). At the same time, human needs and expectations have changed and there is need to bridge the gap between the technical and human (see figure 1.6). In looking at the growth of facilities management in the UK, a number of trends become evident. Management and customer perceptions Need to change physical assets from overheads to resources Prestige Employee needs and expectations Working conditions Morale Sick building syndrome Negligence claims Need for flexibility Continuous market changes Need for responses Heavier use of facilities Cost reductions Competition Depressed trading conditions Higher energy conditions Higher energy costs Higher cost of space Need for operational efficiency Downsizing Need to focus on core competitiveness Government policies Compulsory competitive tendering Health and safety

The Armadillo :: essays research papers fc

The Armadillo is a very different creature. It has tremendous claws, but no fighting instinct. They have teeth, but not in front, except for the milk teeth some have during infancy. They have long tongues because they catch insects. A strange thing which these animals have is a coat armor, unique among other animals. They have bony plate armor on the outside of their bodies'. Each species has a different pattern for every little plate they carry. They all are great burrowers. They sink a hole with them in it as one approaches. It takes a good man to haul even a little one back if it is halfway down it's retreat under the ground.They are active, running with a tiptoe trot. Their trot is as an aged pony that is tired. They have a varied diet. They hunt by night.Today's Armadillos are not the biggest armadillos that have ever existed. The soil of South America is full of larger Armadillo bones from the past. Some of the past bones were as much as sixteen feet long including the tail. Some even migrated to Texas.There are several species of these animals. The Six-banded Armadillos were good burrowers and massive devourers of insects. They also ate vegetable matter and were useful for devouring carrion. One specie called the Peludo was clumsy bet was effective in getting a snake to its armored hide and grinding the life out of it. It then eats the snake not effected by the poison. The king of the tribe is the Great Armadillo. It is a big creature in appearance, a yard in length from nose to tail covered with the armor. It even has armor on its legs. Its claws are very long and awfully strong. The Three- banded Armadillos had a further protection. They are able to curl up like a hedgehog and present an impenetrable ball to an enemy. It is similar than that of a hedgehog or the porcupine, but it is more interesting because of the way they fit themselves into their armor. Their head and tail pass perfectly through openings in the upper surface of the armor.