A reasonable Doubt

My friend had been staying with his girlfriend and his girlfriend’s best friend in one room for a period of one year when he got accused of rape and sentenced to 15 years imprisonment. This has really affected me and the fact that after serving for 5 years the accuser came out and said it was a plot to get him since she had a crush on him!It was in a small town in the outskirts of the main city. Housing was expensive and as we were trying to achieve a few dreams of our lives, we didn’t consider renting a big house a priority since our income was not so much. I had grown up together with Ian and we knew each other so well. We shared most of our dreams.When Ian met Julie the love of his heart, he was so sure that she was the woman for her. They had dated for sometime and all along the dating period Julie was sharing a room with some other two friends of hers. One of which was her best friend while the other was a girl they had been together with in the university.They kne w that all along they would become financially stable and each would go their way as soon as their income could allow them to afford rent each one on her own.When Julie and Ian decided to come and live together, it was at first not difficult since the two girls shared the rent between themselves. Julie and Ian had stayed together for 3 months when a need arouse for Karen to move out of the town. (Karen is the other girl from the university who was now left living with Tina) Tina is Julie’s best friend.When the news reached Julie that Karen was planning to leave the town she was a bit worried about her best friend since she knew that Tina would not afford to live in there alone.However it was a tough thing to think about since the only left option was to ask Ian if he could allow Tina to come and stay with them even if for some days before she get someone to share a room with or perhaps until she could afford to stay alone.She knew that she had to prepare on the best approach to present this request to Ian. She was worried that may be it might turn out that Ian would refuse that kind of a thing.But she needed to ask him the soonest possible. A thought came into her that it would be necessary to first speak to Tina maybe she might have a different idea.She made her short journey and visited her best friend whom she found in tears. They talked after comforting her and Tina was more than happy to have realized that her friend thought about her in such ways. She knew that her problem was half solved since the only remaining part was now to approach Ian. They agreed that as soon as Ian gave a feedback Julie would let Tina know soonest possible.When Tina returned home that evening she was so restless yet she found it hard to start it to Ian. It was until Ian noticed that her concentration was divided and that she seemed a little bit disturbed. Ian walked to where Julie had sat and sat on the arm of the chair that she had occupied. He looked at her with concern and asked her ‘sweetheart is everything okay? How was your day?’Julie knew right inside her that this was the perfect moment; she knew that a chance had come and she was not going to waste any time about it. She replied to him ‘everything has been fine but I only worried about my best friend Tina, she is being left by Karen in that room we used to live the three of us. Karen needs to move out of this town as she has got a job elsewhere so she is only around here for a month.The problem here is that we had opted to stay the three of us since none could afford living alone. Just three months after I left Tina to stay with Karen now Karen is about to leave. Tina can not afford it alone’. As she spoke all these Ian just listened without interruption but when she posed Ian asked ‘so what is the problem?Are you suggesting that you want to go back there?’ she knew that this would worry Ian, he would do anything to have in his room and so she said to him ‘you see that is the only other option since it might not be ideal to you to have her here staying with us’ do you think Tina agree to come and stay with us? This was Ian asking. Julie told him that she was not sure about it but if Ian would not have a problem with it then she would ask Tina when they met next about it.Then Ian said; ‘ that is not something to worry about to the point of losing concentration, all is going to be okay for her, we can stay with her if she agrees if she refuses then it means she has a better option and therefore the problem will be solved.

Frankenstien essay Essay

How does Mary Shelley present Frankenstein’s monster and what is her message to readers? In this essay I shall be answering the question on how Mary Shelley present Frankenstein’s monster and what is her message to readers? ‘ I will also explore the irrational fears that existed, about the progress of science and scientific technology, in the 1800s and how they are addressed in the novel. I will conclude with a personal comment on Shelley’s portrayal of the creature and scientific progress. ‘Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus’ was written by Mary Shelley in the early 19th century. At that time it was very unusual for women to write and even more so because she was only 19 years of age. At this time there were many ambitious scientists. These new scientists were eager to research things they had not researched before. She first published the book anonymously in 1818 when critics hailed it as the work of a genius and were very much surprised when they found out that a woman had written it. This was also how initially reacted. Many scientific advances took place in the 18th and 19th centuries such as the invention of the lightning conductor, and the creation of the first prototype electric battery. In some ways, the creation of the creature by Frankenstein shows the dangers of humans trying to overreach their potential with scientific research and knowledge. Victor Frankenstein, an ambitious Swiss university student, dedicates his entire life to trying to create life. Nonetheless, when he succeeds, the ugliness and repulsiveness of the creature forces Frankenstein to reject it. The creature faces a life of solitude and loneliness and society rejects him even when it tries to help. This leads to the death of Frankenstein’s brother, William, whom the creature kills, and the servant, Justine, is hung after being found guilty of the crime. Frankenstein then incurs the wrath of the creature by making a mate for it and then destroying it. This leads to the death of Henry Clerval, his best friend, and Elizabeth, his wife. In the end both the creature and Frankenstein die. The death of so many people can be a way of showing that scientific advance is not always the best way to go and that it can be dangerous at times. Themes which are, explored in Frankenstein; are madness, dreams and nightmares. During Shelley’s time there was a fear of new technology because of the dread that machines would replace humans as workers; this would leave many of the peasants, and working class is out of a job. This led to riots and revolutions such as the Luddite riots of 1811, which saw machines smashed in violent reaction. This can be linked to riots and demonstrations today against abortion and test-tube babies that one sees in the media everyday. The novel begins with the expedition of an explorer named Walton. Walton is about to fulfill his ambition and go on his expedition to the North Pole. He wants to go to the North Pole because he wants to be remembered by discovering a place where ‘no man has ever gone’. Walton writes a letter to his sister from St. Petersburg. In his letter Walton says that he knows that ordinary people are worried about his ambitions. He says his sister regards it as an ‘evil forbidding’. Walton prepares for the expedition by being hard and very tough on himself as if he enjoys torturing himself. He states in the letter that he: â€Å"Endured cold, famine, thirst, and want of sleep† Victor Frankenstein wants to push back the boundaries of science. He wants to create life so that people would live longer. The reason he desires to bring back life is that no one else had accomplished this before. He is also a scientist and wants to be remembered like all scientists. Victor Frankenstein is also very excited because he not only thinks he can bring back life but he also thinks he could create life. He says: â€Å"A new species would bless me as its creator and source† He thinks he’s going to be thanked and thought of like a god by the new species he is about to create. Frankenstein prepares for this by attending lectures, reading books, not sleeping and putting himself wholly into his work: â€Å"Stars often disappeared into the light of the morning whilst I was yet engaged in my laboratory†, meaning that Frankenstein spent so much time in the laboratory the nights passed quickly. This also shows the devotion to his work. His work appears to be dangerous because he went to places like ‘charnel houses’ and ‘vaults’, which are considered to be very creepy. He spent days inside these places to collect ‘raw materials’, that is, body parts for his creation. This indicates that he is prepared to do anything to accomplish his ambition, to bring back life. When the creature is in the process of being created, Frankenstein is portrayed as a fanatic and maniac about what he is doing. He neglected his health due to his commitment to his work. I can discern this because he says: â€Å"My cheek had grown pale with study, and my person had become emaciated with confinement. † This tells me that he has become very ill because of his steadfastness on his mission to create artificial life. This can mean that he is too committed to reaching an objective that is out of any human’s reach. In a way Mary Shelley also shows how Frankenstein is breaking society’s taboos by: â€Å"[collecting] bones from charnel houses; and disturbing, with profane fingers, the tremendous secrets of the human frame. † This is shown as going against nature and as evil. He also describes his aim as filthy, with the use of the words: â€Å"†¦ my workshop of filthy creation†¦ â€Å"

The Medusa and the Snail Mistakes

It is undeniable that mistakes are a bsic fundamental of life. Whether or not that is a good or bad thing, is much harder to determine. In a passage from The Medusa and the Snail, biologist Lewis Thomas discusses mistakes and how they affect our life. In the second paragraph, Thomas claims that we, as humans, learn by â€Å"trial and error†. Although at first though this is seemingly true, but when it comes down to it, just how accurate is this saying? Some people make a mistake, learn from it, and move on. They will remember the consequences, and strive to never be in the same predicament again.Others, however, continuously make the same mistake. For example, generally, a person who does drugs once will repeatedly do it again and again. If this were not true, addicts would not exist. Instead of identifying this behavior as a problem, they simply look over it as if it is not a bad thing at all. Thomas says, â€Å"What is needed, for progress to be made, is the move based on t he error. † Most discoveries are made by accident. Productive mistakes are everywhere: science, medicine, history, and so on.For example, a pharmaceutical company developed Viagra as a heart medication, and it was to their surprise that the drug effectively benefited those suffering from erectile dysfunction. Accidents like this happen everyday, and sometimes, they can have a positive outcome. While some parts of Thomas' claims are true, others are difficult to agree with. Although some people do use their past mistakes to learn and grow as a person, not all are this wise. It is hard to make such a hasty generalization such as all people learn by â€Å"trial and error†, and expect it to be accurate.

Systems and diffusion of innovation theories as they apply to Essay

Systems and diffusion of innovation theories as they apply to healthcare delivery and nursing practice - Essay Example Such demands energy. The theory also tackles the concept of equifinality, which is among the differences between closed and open systems. Equifinality describes a system that can reach the same final state even with different states of initial condition. Unlike close systems that have positive entropy, open systems also approach minimum entropy production, thus aiming for complexity. Taking note of all of these differences, it has been described that the stable state of closed and open systems are equilibrium and steady-state, respectively (von Bertalanffy, 1950). 1. Systems Theory and Healthcare Delivery in the U. S. The Healthcare system, in general, is an open system. It does not react to changes by trying to maintain its state, but by trying to adapt to the changes it is up against. It is in a constantly changing state to maintain its stability, so to speak. Historically, in United States, from 1965, the expenses for healthcare has steadily increased at least 4.5% yearly, much gr eater than the 1.7% increase posted by the country’s gross domestic product, a measure of income. A part of the healthcare expense has increasingly been depended on the private sector, through the private health insurance provided by the employers. The government, on its part also took part in covering for the increase in healthcare expenses. The advancements in medical technologies and the deregulation of medical supply have caused such increase in expenses. However, when the country was undergoing recession, the government implemented the â€Å"managed care†, in which the government limited the use of advanced medical equipment and therapy options (Reinhardt, 2001). In addition, the healthcare system is equifinal. For example, a patient’s willingness to use a novel therapeutic option depends upon the healthcare provider’s sex, specialty, medical school, years in profession, practice volume, and practice location (Sanson-Fisher, 2004). The different perm utations that can lead to the willingness to subject to a treatment option are many. One may arrive at the final decision of (dis)agreeing to undergo the treatment option even through different initial points. 2. Systems Theory and Nursing Practice Going inside the healthcare system is a complicated one because of its complex structure. It is so complex that the nursing profession itself, which is the largest healthcare profession in the United States, is an open system. Their characteristic as an open system is evident in various instances. First, the final state in nursing practice does not depend on the amount of initial state from which it came or the tangible additions or omissions that resulted to the existence of the final state. For example, the nurses’ role in healthcare is vital because they provide the majority of the initial care to the patients, especially among those in critical condition. Specifically, nurses of a certain section of the hospital are exposed to the same conditions during their clinical practice, but yet others graciously handle the situation and others crack under pressure (Smith, 2010). Diffusion of Innovation Theory Applied to the Current Situation From the name itself, diffusion of innovation (DOI) theory, as proposed by Rogers is a much more recently developed theory concerned with the adoption of innovations by a unit over time. In this theory, the contribution of the subunits in spreading the new

Life of Dementia Patients Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Life of Dementia Patients - Research Proposal Example In the later stages of dementia, patients normally, exhibit signs of time disorientation in the sense that they can say the exact time or even differentiate between day or night. Secondly, at the later stages, dementia patients cannot even be able to tell their exact location, and/ or even identify people they used to know. Thirdly, dementia patients also tend to exhibit a loss of control in their own behaviors as well as emotions. Lastly, dementia patients tend to suffer from impaired problem-solving skills meaning that they cannot also be able to reason properly because of lack of sound mind. Repper and Perkins (2003) noted that for a particular case to be classified as dementia, medical practitioners recommend that the symptoms have to be persistent for a period of more than six months. According to the writings by Repper and Perkins (2003), they stated that persons who have suffered from previous physical impairments are prone to dementia more so those who had a brain injury. Bartlett and O’Connor (2007) on their part stated that most dementia patients are persons above the age of sixty-five i.e. the geriatric population but there have been reported cases of dementia occurring before the age of sixty-five. Because of the unique nature of the dementia symptoms, the nursing requirements for catering for these patients tend to be unique because it is not focused towards ensuring the patients regain their full health back but rather it is focused on enabling the patients to cope with the condition, whilst feel only an insignificant pain or inconveniences caused by the condition. Therefore, it is particularly important to investigate the roles that nurses play in ensuring that dementia patients have a better quality of life despite their condition. The extent, nature, or standard of the nursing care given to dementia patients determines the quality of life the patients have until their death occurs. In this regard, Baldwin (2008) lamented on the fact that because of the rare incidences of dementia cases, there has been a little focus on the role of nurses in providing care to dementia patients.

- Text The Handmaids Tale (Atwood) What is the purpose of morality Essay

- Text The Handmaids Tale (Atwood) What is the purpose of morality What are the pros and cons What is morality - Essay Example Whether it results in the reinstatement of moral values to the creation of a better world is the matter of concern here. Based on the principle that â€Å"no society ever strays completely far from its roots† (Curious Pursuits, 91), Atwood has created a future society reviving the trends and practices of the Nineteenth Century Puritanism. The novel, which is the outcome of composite factors like vast and thorough reading of history, extensive travel, first hand experiences of real despotisms and experience acquired through a membership in the Amnesty International, perpetrates the author’s conviction that totalitarian regimes breed fear and silence. In such an atmosphere, morality is also a degenerative instrument of torture at the hands of the dictators. Morality, when enforced, becomes nothing but oppression and invariably fails to serve its purpose. The term morality implies the ability to discern right, good and virtue from their counterparts. Human beings are endowed with the ability to rationalize and the free will to face crucial situations in life demanding the exercise of these faculties. Every society has its set of standards in morality, so also each individual. Various factors like cultural parameters, contemporary trends and individual preferences play vital roles in deciding and setting up these standards. The revival of Puritanism in the novel, with its dictatorial enforcement of standards of living pose an outrageous, dismal and despicable picture of an impending possibility fulfilling a dystopia’s mission of warning the world. The simulated American theocracy in the novel is patterned after the Old Testament standards. In the imaginary nation ‘The Republic of Gilead’ which is the United States of America in the distant future, women are withdrawn from the public spheres and are categorized according to the duties they

The French Lieutenant's wife Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The French Lieutenant's wife - Essay Example According to Martin (2010, p 12), the romantic novel is about a dark strange woman of the archetypal Victoria as the title. The woman symbolizes the forbidden practice in the society today in that from the novel she is depicted as heroine and sometimes appears to be villainess. This depicts modern life situation where people fall in love with strangers who later turns to be evil. Plot Summary The persona opens the scenes with unidentified spy using a telescope. He infers 1867 to the modern year through comparison of the old sea to Henry sculpture. Throughout the novel it is clear that truth is a simulacrum. The author has exposed high level of illusion in that it reminds the audience that play is not only on stage but also a real life situation. Fowles introduce the novel in first person point of view so as to commend on any action as the characters freezes on stage. He eludes his work in real life through the character called Charles who is the point of focus on the whole work (Mart in, 2010, p 46). The novel on the other side is a stage since it represents the contemporary issues in life. It transforms and translates what is happening in life in five minutes through relic characters who are easily turned to fit the situation. The novel reveals the mood of such characters as nostalgia hence creates prospective turn over of ideas. This reveals the perplexity between history and present in the of timelessness intelligence in the audience’ mind. This shows that in life, everybody experiences the wider gap of empathy. This becomes weaker by the paradox of 100 years of Victorian times. The world of Victoria is not reconstructed uncritically since Fowles focuses on Victorian period which looks like the modern world to the audience. He describes the woman's attitude through Victoria towards economics, philosophy and science. Through close examination of the oppressed society back in the nineteenth century, he reveals the problems faced by two economists and soc ial groups and gauges them to poverty in England. This is clearly in a modern situation whereby the servant group and working classes trap women. As the plot moves through love, an individual gets to ask and answer questions as to why most relationships revolve through the economy. Fowles tries to not bring the two main characters together, but to teach the world that life has to be faced on any dimension what so ever. In real life, there are the poor and the rich and they both face life and enjoy every bit (Martin, 2010, p 73). Conclusion The double ending of Fowles depicts psychological lessons of romance to an individual. The novel is an individual development and enlightenment in a basic isolation that accompanies the growth. The theme of the novel itself was a logical series of happening not only in the past but to the modern world as a whole since there are changes in the standard of living which are no longer accepted by many today. He makes coincidences at the end of the nov el to depict claims of one’s property in the modern situation where family members come together to take what is left after their member is gone. Even though law controls this, still it is the court that rules this to next of kins. Finally the ending of the novel reveals Fowles’s view biologically even though it comes out as mystery in that life cannot describe the

Attention Deficit Disorder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Attention Deficit Disorder - Essay Example The first step that most patients take that you may want to consider is that of pharmacological medication. By choosing this option you will be using a cost effective way of managing the disorder because this treatment has been proven to be the most successful. Your doctor my prescribe Ritalin, Adderall, Cylert with Ritalin being the most popular. Ritalin contains methylphenidate which is "Currently the focus of widespread and intensive study and is broadly considered by experts in the treatment of ADD to be the single most effective intervention for inattention and impulsivity" (Noral). Methylphenidate has demonstrated effectiveness in controlling undesirable symptoms such as "Inattentiveness and impulsivity for approximately seventy percent of the diagnosed with ADD for whom it was prescribed (Noral). While methylphenidate is the most effective in most patients, your doctor may go through the process of elimination and have you try several different drugs in order to find the one t hat works best for you. Typically you will be prescribed a once daily dose of this medication and the "Effects of this dose on predetermined behavioral and educational objectives such as focus, time on task, and impulse control are carefully monitored" (Noral). When you take these medications they will raise the level of your neurotransmitters, dopamine and norepinephrine which are all chemicals in your brain that control your motivation, concentration and alertness. In the beginning of your treatment you may suffer several side effects depending on the medication you are taking. This is why it may take some time and patience before you and your doctor find the medication and dosage that is best suited for you. "Nervousness and insomnia are the most common adverse reactions to methylphenidate and other medication side effects can include "Upset stomach, decreased appetite, nausea or vomiting, dizziness, allergic reactions, increased blood pressure and psychosis" (ADHDNews.com). Whil e you will find this pharmacological treatment to be the most effective it is also the most controversial due to the undesirable side affects that have been seen in certain patients. If these side effects are too detrimental you may want to then take a step back and explore other treatment options. Often behavior therapy and interventions are the second step patients take when they are not getting results from their medication or the side effects are too overwhelming. You may want to consider this second step in treating your ADD if you have exhausted all possible pharmacological medications. One type of behavioral therapy you may want to consider is psychoeducational input. "Psychoeducational input is a form of therapy in which patients and their relatives should be empowered to understand and accept the illness and cope with it in a successful manner" (Sherman). This method can often mean many sacrifices for yourself and your family, because you will need to make changes in your routine and daily life in order to work around your ADD. Another method you may consider is Interpersonal Psychotherapy. If you choose to pursue this method your therapist will work with you and help diagnosis the direct instances when your ADD symptoms appear and identify your problem areas. Once the se have been

Investigation of Human Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Investigation of Human Disease - Essay Example Without vitamin K, the levels of these clotting factors will be significantly decreased leading to bleeding tendencies. Liver diseases such as cirrhosis, hepatitis, and atrophy all lead to failure of liver to secrete bile which is necessary for fat metabolism and its absorption together with vitamin K therefore, decreasing absorption of vitamin K as well. Laboratory results are prolonged bleeding time, PT and prolonged to normal PTT, normal platelet count, decreased levels of coagulation factors except VIII, decreased thrombin time and fibrinogen levels (Guyton & Hall, 2008). Warfarin (Coumadin), an oral anticoagulant functions by antagonizing vitamin K through the enzyme epoxide reductase which blocks vitamin K to be reduced in its active form. Thus the Vitamin K-dependent clotting factors as well as the anticoagulant proteins C and S which are produced in the liver are rendered inactive. About 97% of warfarin is tightly bound to plasma protein primarily albumin. Toxicity of the dru g is dose dependent in which single intake of 10-20 mg only leads to mild intoxication. Meanwhile, chronic intake of small quantities of even 2-5 mg daily can result to considerable anticoagulation effects particularly with ingestion of interacting drugs. Likewise, superwarfarins are long acting and are utilized primarily as rodenticides can be highly potent resulting to extended adverse effects with dose as little as 1 mg. Laboratory findings are prolonged bleeding time and PT and decreased coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X. The main consequence of warfarin or superwarfarin poisoning is bleeding (Olson, n.d.). VKOR (Vitamin K epoxide reductuse) can indicate dosages of warfarin and is encoded by the gene VKORC1. Vitamin K is fat-soluble and is needed as cofactor for the carboxylation of ?-carbon of the glutamic acid residues of the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors namely II, VII, IX, and X. The process is a vital stage for calcium and phospholipid to bind with these protein s. Epoxide reductase and ?-glutamylcarboxylase are important enzymes for metabolism and renewal of vitamin K. Genetic mutations involving these enzymes lead to their defective functioning eventually decreasing also the function of the vitamin-K dependent clotting factors. Laboratory findings are prolonged PT aPTT, and bleeding time, and decreased factors II, VII, IX, and X. Clinical manifestations of the disorder are characterized by hemorrhages ranging from mild to severe that may be apparent at birth. Medical interventions include replacement therapy with fresh frozen plasma or PCCs (Fauci, A., et al., 2008). Patient 2: Laboratory results: Marginal low thrombin time Diagnosis: Factor V Leiden Factor V Leiden mutation is present in about up to 15% of Caucasians. Genetic mutation of glutamine to arginine substitution at 506 position results to a factor V that is resistant to cleavage by protein C. Consequently, a significant antithrombotic counter-regulatory mechanism is lost result ing to a hypercoagulable state which may predispose a patient to develop thrombus formation (Kumar, et al., 2010). APC acts to inactivate factors Va and VIIIa via activation of thrombomodulin by thrombin. Protein C attaches with thrombomodulin producing then APC. Activated protein C also attaches with protein S on surface membranes of platelets. With this, APC can now lyse activated factors V and VIII. But with factor V Leiden, factor V

Barn Burning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Barn Burning - Essay Example Somewhere deep inside, Sarty just want to do what he personally thinks is right but because of his very young ager I do not think he reasonably has thought of that yet. His concept of right and wrong has been largely influenced by his dictatorial father. We as well get an idea of the character of Abner through the manner Sarty depicts his physical appearance. After reading the story, I suddenly thought of my own family and ask myself at what point should an individual break his/her ties to his/her family when the revelation of the truth is involved? Parents, specifically fathers, tend to be tyrannical in their manner of instilling values to their children which at times hides the truth from a young heart and mind. This is the moral dilemma that is vividly explored in the story and one that is confronted by many Christians. Christians have been taught to love and respect their families even at times of moral difficulties. But religion also teaches us to lean to the truth and never distort the things that actually transpired. At one time in my life, I was confronted with this decision of either conforming with the morality that my father instilled in me, or asserting my own version of morality and individuality through escaping or running away, by abandoning my family and the pain that I was enduring. However, just like Sarty, I realized that the tyranny of my father is an expression of his own individuality which is shaped and represented by everything that is actually morally wrong and wicked, yet remains to be my own hero of truth. I strongly believe that family ties form a moral commitment on the individual, but consequently, fails to acknowledge the imminent that there is a greater morality which might demand the individual to take action upon the binding family

Culture Paper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Culture Paper 2 - Essay Example It is important to study the culture to evaluate different believes and relates them to the human service field. Cultural components are essential as they define the manner in which people interracial. Interaction is encouraged but some limits are placed to allow certain members of a given community to act in accordance to cultural expectations. The rituals and beliefs within a given community are essential as they bring synergy while at the same time act as means of identify. Defining the cultural spaces could be done in an effort to evaluate a given setup and apply models that would be acceptable in the community. The cultural misunderstanding is major undoing in the field of human service. Understanding the immediate environment is essential as it allows proper planning and application of certain models. The essay will concentrate on cultural practices and beliefs among the Mapuche‎ in Chile. The aim would be to discuss the cultural components in relation to the Human service. The moral and ethical components are derived from culture. Beliefs and practices are aimed at ensuring the ex ternal and internal environments coexist. The Mapuche‎ culture bases on moral and ethical components. The unifying component in this culture is their preservative nature. The cultures are taught throughout the generation. According to Ladio and Lozada (2006), the father in this culture is tasked with ensuring his family is united and that core values are protected. According to the author, the family is made up of the father and other members of the extended family. The females within this culture are placed lower within the ranks (Ladio & Lozada, 2006). The female gender is less involved in matters decision making. The power of the male gender is visible in meetings and other gatherings. During family disputes, the males are actively involved in resolving conflicts. The elders conduct the mediation processes in the Mapuche‎ Culture. The male dominated

Security Strategies in Web Applications Essay Example for Free

Security Strategies in Web Applications Essay Web application design and coding defects are the main reasons to create a secure coding policy and guidelines. The policy/guidelines are to provide awareness and ensure security when developing code. Techniques to secure code review: Generally, IT analyst can divide the secure code review process into two different techniques: 1. Automated tool based/ Black Box: In this approach, the secure code review is done using different open source/commercial tools. Mostly developers use them while they are coding, but a security analyst may also take help of them. Tools are very useful while doing code review when we implement the secure SDLC process in the organization and provide the tool to developers themselves to do a â€Å"self-code† review while they are coding. Also, the tools are useful in analyzing large codebase (millions of lines). They can quickly identify potential insecure pieces of code in the code base, which may be analyzed by the developer or a security analyst (Infosec). 2. Manual/ White Box: In this technique, a thorough code review is performed over the whole code, which may become a very tedious and tiresome process. But in this process, logical flaws may be identified which may not be possible using automated tools, such as business logic problems. Automated tools are mostly capable of finding technical flaws such as injection attacks but may miss flaws like authorization problems. In this process, instead of going line by line through whole code base, we can concentrate on potential problems in the code. Those potential vulnerabilities can be given a high priority. For example, in C/C++, if we try to find any copying function in the code and check whether it’s using functions such as, strcpy() for performing copy function. As we know, strcpy() is known to be vulnerable to buffer overflow attacks. We may also want to check if any customized encryption is being used in the application, which automated tools may miss as they can identify standard algorithms only  (Infosec). Introducing security into NIST’s Five SDLC Phases: Initiation Phase Consists of all activities used to identify the different requirements from all stakeholders. This includes defining stakeholders, conducting stakeholder interviews and possibly some basic prototyping. It is also important to identify security requirements (Harwood, 2011). Development Acquisition Phase Transition functional and technical requirements into detailed plans for an actual information system. Results from interviews, use cases, and mock ups are developed into sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, state diagrams, and other artifacts that can be interpreted by software developers. User interfaces are also defined in greater detail (Harwood, 2011). Implementation Assessment Phase Actual coding of an information system. All of the analysis and design artifacts previously created are transformed into application code by developers/programmers. This phase also includes testing and debugging (Harwood, 2011). Operations Maintenance Phase Encompasses all activities required to keep the system working as intended (monitoring, patch management, application fault remediation and audits). Disposition Phase Ensures that information is retained, as necessary, to conform to current legal requirements and to accommodate future technology changes that may render the retrieval method obsolete (Harwood, 2011). Summarization: The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a process to help ensure the successful development, operation and retirement of information systems. The SDLC has numerous methodologies including: Waterfall, Fountain, Spiral, Build and Fix, Rapid Prototyping, Incremental, and Synchronization and Stabilize. While they share common processes such as Design, Implementation, and testing, one of the most promising methodologies is Waterfall. It has several advantages: It is one of the most widely used and accepted methodologies and nearly all other methodologies derive from Waterfall. Its linear approach makes it easy to demonstrate where security fits into each phase. A crucial part of the SDLC is the source code review. The purpose of source code review is to discuss, exchange information, and explain the code. Explaining the code will help identify problems and may provide new solutions in the troubleshooting process. Effective code reviews can include  automated reviews. It is vital to implement security controls at each phase of the SDLC (Harwood, 2011). Best practices should include policies and guidelines that explain that software should be free from exploitable code vulnerabilities to meet the level of confidence. The code should provide security functionality as intended. Review and maintain Best Practices and guidelines annually. Including security early in the information system development life cycle (SDLC) will usually result in less expensive and more effective security than adding it to an operational system (Harwood, 2011). Works Cited Harwood, M. (2011). In Security Strategies in Web Applications and Social Networking. Burlington: Jones Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. Infosec. (n.d.). Retrieved from Infosec: http://resources.infosecinstitute.com/secure-code-review-practical-approach/

Motivation And Group Team Working Business Essay

Motivation And Group Team Working Business Essay Molander Winterton (1994, p.3) states that Anyone who has spent time in a number of work organizations will have noticed how the climate differs, the different ways in which things are done, differing levels of energy and individual freedom, and of course, different kinds of people. And The complex mixture of assumptions, behaviors, stories, myths, metaphors (symbols) and other ideas that fit together to define what it means to be a member of a particular society, this view has been supported in the work of Stoner and Freeman (1999, p.181.). Culture is derived from notional context, clearly linked to strategy and determines how strategy can be implemented. In successful organization, there is a strong culture. In 2006, Haier is the worlds 4th largest whitewoods manufacturer and one of China top 100 IT company. In addition, Haier branches in technology research, manufacture industry, trading and financial services with 240 subsidiary companies and 30 design centers, plants and trade companies and more than 50,000 employees around the world. The global revenue was approximately 10,000 million pounds. Nevertheless 20 years ago, Haier was a small state owned company in Qingdao, China and it was losing $178,000 on annual revenues of $421,000. (Haier, 2010) During that period, it had built up its own sales network around world, export more than 160 countries. Meanwhile, Haier just product refrigerators originally, now its product range cover dozens of categories in the domestic electrical appliance market with thousands of individual products. What makes Haier from a small unsuccessful company, which is nearly shut down to an international large-scale enterprise? It is the Zhangs hammer. Zhang Ruimin the CEO of Haier Corporation, he drives and transforms Haier to a global player. Haiers culture, style and operational approach reflect its Chinese traditions and its successes are identified with its key leaders. Haier president Yang Mianmian states her strategy of one low (price), three high (value, growth and quality) it is also cited as a key for Haiers continuing success. A story of Zhang Ruimin that took in a day in 1985, Zhang took a sledgehammer to a row of 76 faulty Haier fridges to the whole workforce who were lined up to watch ( a fridge cost about two years wages in that year). Zhang said: If we do not destroy these refrigerators, what is be shattered by the market in the future will be this enterprise. This hammer is a symbol of Zhangs complete rejection of the previous company attitude that defective products could be tolerated and knocked out at a discount. This story signifies that Haier Corporation is with a strong and distinctive culture. The international strategy of Haier seeks to offer a fast delivery and good service to local market and customers by make maximum use of local labour resources and capital. It is always changing products for the local preferences and habits (as with the wine fridge), a practice that could become costly in terms of complexity and logistics. Haiers global branding strategy aims at standing as a local brand in different market. With the strong Haier culture, Zhang has decided to go for the difficult markets first on the basis that success in these markets would require the company to improve faster than seeking to dominate less fiercely contested markets. Haier has dominated the Chinese market, though Zhang has sought to expand the network through alliances, such as the 2002 agreement with Sanyo, this agreement helps Haier force into Japan market. Haiers strong culture can be seen most clearly in its internal relationships even exporting to other country. Haier built and opened a factory in South Carolina to serve the American market. At first, its methods were strange to the new employees from local labour market. However, according to a report in the Chinese Peoples Daily: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦both sides have harmonious exchanges, the difference of cultural background, instead of causing estrangement between the Chinese and American workers in their work, has increased their interest in mutual understanding. Initially, the American workers were against to volunteer for overtime to complete the days target work, but the Haier culture motivated them accept the strange work system from China and even prepare for the next days work at Independent Day. Haier seems spread its culture to America. Nowadays, Haier represent as a super brand from China manage to establish and consolidate its position as global brand. As CEO Zhang said: Another challenge unique to China is we have started our brand development late. So we have to catch up in a very short period of time. I will give you an analogy: Its like constructing a 10 story building. Our foreign competitors have already finished all the way up to the ninth floor. The Chinese market is their tenth floor. Once they have moved successfully into the China market, they will be finished with building this high-rise. But in China, we have only built the first floor. There are still nine floors to go. The story recently carried out in the Essentials of organizational behavior by Mullins (2008 cited in Lecture note University of Birmingham Organizational behavior course, 2009). Haier makes culture as a tool of upgrade and powerful company. The aspects of culture can be national, organizational, or interest group, relatively enduring values, beliefs, customs, traditions, and practices commonly shared by a discrete group-defines boundaries between organizations. It also can be transmitted from one generation to the next-conveys a sense of stability and identity. Culture is something larger than individual self-interest, provides standards and control mechanisms. Innovation and risk, attention to detail, outcome orientation, people orientation, team orientation and stability perceived as organization culture separate the high strength employee and low strength employee. The countrys origin effect appears on most global companies that rooted in national business system of their home co untry. Hofstedes analysis has brought up cultural differences in such areas as power distance and uncertainty avoidance, such nationalities as American, British, German/European and Japanese emphasis different approaches to business. Cultures interact with such elements as national business systems, corporate control, management development and human resources management such as COKE, TOYOTA, and UBS. The Business organisation and management lecture given by Dr Peter Foss in November 2009 has shown the definition of motivation is The willingness to exert high levels of effort toward organisational goals, conditioned by the efforts ability to satisfy some individual need. Many factors can influence motivation for example, needs or expectations, behaviour or action, desired goal, frustration or fulfilment and feedback. These make a cycle system, the need or expectations leads to behaviour or action then a desired goal will be set, during the process the blockage will result in frustration, on the contrary get through the blockage will contribute to fulfilment, finally some feedback to needs or expectation. Two differing perspectives are the content theories and process theories. The content theories emphasis what and process theories accentuate how. The content theories identify our needs and strengths; provide the elements of motivation (Spicer, 2010). The Maslow Hierarchy of needs construct by 5 stages, from lowest to highest each stage has its own expectation after reach it, then will move to the next stage. We satisfy needs in the order given: physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualisation. After turn to next unsatisfied need, the satisfied need will not be a motivator any more. Meanwhile, lacks of satisfaction will effects physical and mental health. The innate desire to scale hierarchy and self-actualisation stimulates the desire for more. The Hongwu Emperor is one example to interpret this theory. Hongwu Emperor named Zhu Yuanzhang found Ming Dynasty in China, who is an outstanding military scientist and politician. He was born in Pei County in 1328 and he was the youngest of four brothers. His family was difficult to supply basic needs for them and in 1344, the broken dam of Huang River destroyed this poor family, only Zhu Yuanzhang survived. In order to dispense the terrible life condition, Zhu Yuanzhang joined a local rebel group to fight Mongol army. With a strong survivable desire, physical talent and natural leadership ability, Zhu Yuanzhang became a leader in one branch of Red Turban. The Red Turban was mixed brief by Buddhism and Zoroastrianism, the major force against Yuan Dynasty. In the 1356 Zhu Yuanzhang took control of a major city of China, Yingtian (now called Nanjing), he started operate his own policy and built his power prepared for separate from Red Turban in the future. Benefited by Zhu Yuanzhangs splendid talent, he won the largest naval battle, after won and from now on, Zhu Yuanzhang started collecting treasure and jewellery from the people under his rule and built his own palace in Yingtian. He took the rest of China and destroyed Yuan Dynasty in 1366. In the year 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself Hongwu Emperor. (Buzzle, 2010) From this story, Zhu Yuanzhang followed Maslow Hierarchy of Needs, transfer from physiological to safety when he joined the rebel group, after took control of Yingtian, and he sought for affiliation. When Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself Hongwu Emperor the stage from esteem to self-actualisation. However, the Maslow Hierarchy of Needs theory limited by live condition and level of knowledge. According to the Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Pyramid, the Physiological is the most common need and Self-actualiation is the smallest. It is not suitable for the modern world any more, with the upgrade level of human civilization. Self-actualization cannot stay at the top of Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Pyramid any more, physiological does not the basic need for most people. Theory X Type Theory Y Type People dislike work and want to avoid it Work is interesting, need it for growth Force is needed to get the right effort People will direct themselves to goal People are mostly motivated by money Desire to fulfill ones potential is motivating Most people have little creativity Creativity is available, but widely under used Source: Foss, 2009 The McGregors Theory X and Theory Y show two opposite views of individual. Managers would more support Theory Y, the mental motivators are more effective than substance motivators. The employee with Theory Y mostly will be the top of their own territory, but Theory X cannot. David McClelland learned that employee motivated by the six basic human needs: achievement, power, affiliation, independence, self-esteem and security. (Bratton, Sawchuk, Forshaw, Callinan, Corbett, 2010) The Process theories of motivation focus on the choice of motivator that effect in the period of work. How much effort the worker paid in the specific work depends on the motivator. The three process theories of motivation are equity theory, expectancy theory and goal-setting theory. ( Bratton, Sawchuk, Forshaw, Callinan, Corbett, 2010) Equity Self : Outcomes(100) Inputs(100) Other: Outcomes(100) Inputs(100) Inequity (under-rewarded) Outcomes(100) Inputs(100) Outcomes(150) Inputs(100) Inequity (over-rewarded) Outcomes(150) Inputs(100) Outcomes(100) Input(100) The Equity Theory is defined by ratio of an individuals inputs and outcomes to explain how people utilize the resources and energy to distribute fairness. The balance or imbalance direct influence the satisfaction and motivation of employees. Inequitable reward leads to dissatisfaction, lower output and departure. Equitable reward contributes to continue same level of output. More than Equitable Reward conduces to harder work, discounted reward, higher motivation. Conspicuously, the best way to manage the motivation of employees is a positive reward system. (Bratton, Sawchuk, Forshaw, Callinan, Corbett, 2010) Expectancy theory based on the expectation for the output of employees. Moreover, satisfy the equation: Force of motivation (F) = V (direction) ÃÆ'- I (probability) ÃÆ'- E (expectation), motivation is the product of direction, probability and expectation. The effort affect the performance, performance influence reward, finally the reward decide how much output and expectation. The satisfactions of personal goal approach contribute to a higher passion of employee to the work or research. (Bratton, Sawchuk, Forshaw, Callinan, Corbett, 2010) Goal-Setting theory is the process of motivate employees using goal setting method. A challenging goals lead to higher level of performance, but this hinge on the workers ability, otherwise, will damage the motivation and confidence if the goals cannot be reached. Specific goals conduce to higher value of work than oversimplified goals. An energetic employee in goal setting can improve performance by increasing commitment. Individuals belief of being capable of performing a task assisted by setting goals increases performance. (Bratton, Sawchuk, Forshaw, Callinan, Corbett, 2010) The next topic I chose is Group and Team Working. Group and team are two different conceptions. The Group is two or more people work together, face to face communication and have a common target. Nevertheless, the Team is a group of two or more people who influence and care each other, are acting as one people for common objectives and perceive themselves as a responsible entity with an organisation. (Bratton, Sawchuk, Forshaw, Callinan, Corbett, 2010) Developing from Groups into Teams is one of the managers of organization need to think over. The Team had always better than the Group that is why a group of the world best football players cannot 100% defeats a professional team with unknown players. The task and process approach of transfer group into team have a great deal of aspects: different culture if the members of the group have different nationality or culture background, choose a leader from the group, environment, motivation, resources and power or ability. There may also have plenty of uncertain and complex difficulties. Affiliation and achievement of individual needs of group members, the communicate channels, openness to each other and decision making are foundations of a team. Nowadays, team working is competitiveness, with a high competitive market race, organization required to upgrade its efficiency of work and emphasize the importance of the spirit of team working. Especially when face a large-scale project, the individual cannot finish it by itself, at this point, the age of individualism was end, an outstanding team seems be the main stream of world development. The performance of a team depends on the classification of work team, lower-level teams just make things like self-managed work team similar with a single group, middle-level teams monitor thing like project team but not perfect, the senior-level teams plans and runs things, they drive the project to be real by their steps. (Bratton, Sawchuk, Forshaw, Callinan, Corbett, 2010) To be a high performing team required a common purpose, clear defined goals, psychological, role clarity, mature communication, productive conflict resolution and accountable interdependence. Establish sense of urgency, select members for skill and skill potential, pay attention to first meetings and actions, set clear rules for each member, challenge group frequently, set and seize on a few quick performance oriented tasks, spend lots of time together and use positive feedback. The other important rule is insure psychological safety: equal voice, contribution; everyone participates; attack issues not people; privacy in team discussion. (Foss, 2009) The leader is the core of a team who manage the direction of team approach with an overall consideration. The leader should familiar with the ability and virtue of each member and makes them act best in the suitable position, stimulates the potential of them, strengthens the communication between the team and makes the members feel their importance in the team. The members of team are indispensible for the team, should have the consciousness of team working. Finishing the job of themselves is the responsibility in a team, in additional, the members of team should trust each other. The barriers to team effectiveness like social loafing, risky shift, decision-making, groupthink and common knowledge. A pernicious conflict in the team, especially between the leader and co-leader, this will dissociate the team. In the team, the 1+1 probably not larger than 2. In the 2004 NBA final, the Laker has Shaquille ONeal, Kobe Bryant, Karl Malone, Gary Payton and the coach Phil Jackson versus the Pistons. Everyone believed the NBA most powerful team in the last 20 years would defeat the team without one superstar easily. However, the result was the Pistons defeat the Lakers with score 4 to 1. Actually, Shaquille, Kobe, Karl and Gary they are great basketball players no matter in the league or history, but they are not a team, just a famous group. Kobe and Shaquille not get along well for the team leader, Karl and Gary desire for a champion ring, a team with domestic trouble and foreign invasion cannot call a team. The three topics are from the module organizational behaviour and sociology of work. An abundant knowledge of organizational behaviour helps handle the relationship between employees and managers in the organization and have the positive function to the company development. The first topic is organizational culture, and the first part is the definition about organizational culture. Next using the Haier cooperation as the application organizational example, during the application part connects with the theory of organizational culture. The final part is described the key theory and principles, in addition, the criticisms of the theory and principles in this part either. The second topic is motivation. The first part is explain what motivation is and provides The Maslow Hierarchy of needs theory as the main theory. Using the Hongwu Emperor as the example to explain the maslow hierarchy of needs theory. The following is the criticisms and personal opinion against the maslow hierarchy of needs theory. Finally part is the other key principles and theory. The last topic is group and team working. The first part is same with the other two parts explain the definition of group and team working. Next depict the differences between group and team. The Laker from NBA is the organization to show how to manage a team and the barriers to team effectiveness. The Organizational culture, Motivation and Group and team working are important aspects to an organization. The knowledge of organizational behaviour is art of human relationship in the organization, it is the mental spirit of an organization. A successful management of organizational behaviour not only build a concordant relationship during the employees and managers but also clear the barriers to organization upgrade and performance.

Does Fast Food Cause Obesity?

Does Fast Food Cause Obesity? Fast Food Cause Obesity The United States is a free country where we are allowed to choose and pick whatever restaurants we eat at, order at those restaurants, type of food we purchase at the grocery store, etc.Twenty percent of children in US are considered overweight or obese at age 11. It has various severe enduring effects for your health, and it is a important cause of preventable deaths in the USA. Obesity can lead to high blood pressure diabetes, and heart disease if left untreated. Even though we are living in a nation with technological advancement and great economic power we have negligible quantity of realistic nutritional facts. Currently we are existing in a territory which is plagued with obesity. Evidently, there are more than a few diverse reasons for our countrys lofty percentage of obese inhabitants. Several just dont make out how to eat healthy, which can be tougher than supposed, or might not have the time to sit down to a healthy food. Or just discover it simpler to collect something co ming home from work or school than cook. Most people today do not take out time to exercise nor do they eat healthy foods. In these days society people consume fast food further than 3 times a day. Fast food has been illustrated as food which is made in rush for people who do not have time for proper meal times. These foods are extremely trendy with the working people and students in view of the fact that they do not have sufficient time to sit and get pleasure from a complete meal course. Fast food comprises of the burgers and fries. These kinds of foods are typically made in hurry to meet the growing demand particularly throughout the rush hours. The recognition of this kind of food is hang on the reality that they are for all time ready and can be taken in a short notice as in opposition to the complete meal course where one has to set an order in advance. The total of fast food restaurants since 1990, in industry have raised in doubled, which connects to about 200,000 organizations in the USA. Surprisingly, 30 % of the population of U.S. is influenced by obesity and 15 % of kids and adolescents are as well affected. Thus there is a connection among fast food and obesity?[ Brownell, Kelly] Fast food is at the present served up at every restaurants and drive-through. The entire experience of buying fast food has turn out to be so routine, so methodically unexceptional and ordinary, that it is at the present taken for granted, like cleaning your teeth. It has turn out to be a social custom as American as a little, rectangular, hand-held, freezing, and heated apple pie. On any specified day in the United States with reference to one-quarter of the adult population stopovers a fast food restaurant. When we listen in the name of McDonald, KFC’s, Pizza Hut the water appears in our mouth as it meet all our taste prerequisites at a low down price. The fast food which is prepared from these companies is serve up commercially, which takes simply a only some seconds to accumulate, is appetizing and affordable. Other than while eating this delicious food, have we think regarding the nutritional compromises, this food include a huge amount of fats and oils, carbohydrates which can source a larger risk of hypertension, diabetes, create person fluffy and also source of cancer heart attack. Eating fast food in huge amount constructs poison in the body. So, in additional words we can state that we are procuring poison in the structure of fast food.[ Schlosser, Eric,] The majority of our towns and cities have chains of fast food located on each corner and at the similar time our newpapers, television, and radio stations are packed with commercials alluring us to trial the diverse products in proffer in these establishments. It is valued to be noted that the majority of these ads are typically directed in the direction of kids and adolescents validating the grounds why obesity amongst these groups has been on the ascend. Research which have been executed in diverse cities in America have establish out that the majority of the joints of fast food are expediently located close to colleges, schools, and offices. In a research which was carried out by National Bureau of Economic Research it was establish that school kids whose classes were merely a few blocks away from an outlet of fast food were additional expected to endure from obesity as evaluated to those whose school was only mile away from the fast food outlet. The study establish out that the overweight and obesity rate amongst these kids was 5% superior amongst those whose schools were close to fast food outlets in contrast to those students whose schools were in areas which were far away from the fast food outlets which sold this kind of food (Rabin, R 2009) Studies has establish that those families which prefer the fast food as their foremost meal for additional than 3 times in one week are at an extremely lofty hazard of developing obesity. In terms of medical, obesity has been explained as a concern of public health which is putting a lot of people at hazard of developing impediments which might direct to early on death. Obesitymeans an excess amount of body fat. If a persons body mass is no less than 20% higher than what it be supposed to be, he or she is usually deemed as obese. If persons Body Mass Index (BMI) is between 25 and 29.9 he or she is considered as an overweight. If a persons BMI is 30 or over he or she is considered as obese. Obesity has been influencing a lot of the people of American on an unconstructive scale. If prospective on how to fight this battle is changed, we will carry on to lose. Pediatricians, Parents, and even political leaders and Government are focused on promoting healthy weight in kids because obesity is becoming a huge epidemic in the United States. The fast foods are loaded in energy giving foods constructing them superior cause for weight gain amongst individuals who eat this kind of food. They are additional overloaded fats and sugars to construct them tempting to the customers, these 2 nutrients have superior calories rate as compared to additional kind of food. The reality that they are inveigled and sweetened with sugar and fats constructs the consumer to consume in huge quantities to satisfy their urge. They are as well identified to eat regularly in bits such that they do not acquire any further meal aside from these foods. This disallow them a prospect to provide their bodies with additional essential nutrients consequently being prone to obesity. Most of us do not know how much fat and grease goes into these fries and burgers and everything else, but this does not seem to usually matter to us Americans until we have reached a stage of embarrassment of, obese weight from eating our favorite fast food way too many times a week. The United States is a free country. Where we are allowed to choose and pick whatever restaurants we eat at, order at those restaurants, how a great deal food we purchase at the grocery shops, the type of food we acquire at the grocery store, etc.Twenty percent of children in US are considered overweight or obese at age 11. It has various serious long-term consequences for your health, and it is a important cause of preventable deaths in the USA. Perhaps from physical problems with an emotional attachment to foods, it could lead to compulsive overeating, Psychological problems like other factors in obesity that are recounted to obesity are not the sources, however are the consequences. The ‘enormou s psychological burden’ imposed by obesity on an individual ‘might be the severest outcome on obesity. Weight gain starts when you eat more calories than your body utilizes up. If the food you eat provides more calories than your body needs, the excess food is converted to fat. Fat cells initially, increase in size. They increase in number, when they can no longer expand. If one loses weight, the bulk of the fat cells lessens, excluding the numeral of cells do not. We start to finally realize when all fat and grease has made it straight to our body, and every other organ for that matter. Obesity in general runs in families which are sourced by shared lifestyle habits and diet.. Obesity can lead to high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease if left untreated. Even though we are living in a nation with technological advancement and great economic power we have smallest amount of nutritional practical facts. We are existing on a ground which is plagued with obesity. US health Policymakers are saying that aggressive action need to be taken to stem the growth of theobesityepidemic in the United States, which is effecting the nation’s health-care system, approaching many of Americans into an untimely death each year and endangering the lives of millions ofchildren, many of whom are or obese overweight before they enter kindergarten. Several local and state governments have recommended put into practice an excise tax on sugar-appeased drinks.[ Caraher M, Cowburn] Obesity can lead to a number of different health issues; one of the most popular is high blood pressure. One half of Americans aged 50-65 have high blood pressure, which is a rising risk factor for stroke and heart disease and two in five are obese according to Health, United States 2005 [Van Itallie ] High blood pressure is an rise in the blood amount your heart is pushing through the body with every heartbeat.Main apprehension for the overweight citizens of our state is the health problems that come from obesity, the heart problems type two diabetes, and the many lives are lost today because of obesity. There has been a dispute that fast foods do not source obesity to a certain extent than eating of extra calories than the body can devour is what directs to gain of weight. Individuals who hold this view dispute that environmental features for instance fast food consumption on a usual basis might direct to weight gain and eventually the peril of obesity however on the identical note such eating might not direct to weight gain. It has been mentioned that one can in point of fact lose weight when they are yet on such sort of diet. This can be made in the course of balancing the right amount of consumed calories in the day course and what the body eventually uses. If the body utilizes further than is typically consumed the individual will lose some weight. One of the attributes which one must deem in an endeavor to establish whether fast food in reality source obesity is to glance at the choices of lifestyle which may direct to this predicament. For instance people who have made it a practice to eat fast food for the superior fraction of their week devoid of engaging in additional physical activities will further expected append weight and possibly wind up being obese. Conversely it is worthy to note that eating of further type of food particularly those which are lower in fats will not for all time direct to problems of body weight. It is clearly apparent that people who eat fast food are at a larger risk of being obese than those who consume further type of food. (Seeman Neil and Patrick Luciani.2008) Fast food if taken devoid of self-control direct to disturbing effects, they construct children append weight; add to the risk of problems of cardiovascular in addition to diabetes. Obesity is one of the foremost predicaments connected with this sort of consumption. Consumption of Fast food has been illustrated by nutritional specialist as meager feeding in view of the fact that one does not acquire all the requisite nutrients and additional predominantly in the correct quantity. Fast foods are identified to be loaded in energy the majority of which is piled up in the body as fats make them hazardous for the consumers. Department of US of Health and Human Services (HHS) since 1980 has publishedHealthy Peoplereports every decade that: identify national health targets for ten years, encourage collaborations across various sectors, guide individuals toward making informed health decisions and measure the impact of prevention activity. The new aim could be achieved by diminishing calorie intake, increasing physical activity or both. These goals among other things include specific recommendations that address, sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, nutritional labeling, the availability of lower-calorie children’s meals in restaurants, marketing of food and beverages to children, and) to monitor and track a child’s body-mass index and provide interventions using the electronic medical record (EMR]. By Telling someone to stop simply eating will not cure the obesity disease because it needs to be something that is in the genes of the person. By telling someone simply to exercise more will not cure the obesity disease because food can be used as an outlet for stress. There is no clean-cut cause of obese, so there will never be a clear cut solution either. Governments can as well aid reduce obesity, a lot of experts say, by providing farmers’ markets and supermarkets with incentives to offer healthier foods and institute their trades in small-income areas.[ Smed S, Jensen JD, Denver]. Many, local governments schools and hospitals around the country have implemented policies to reduce obesity by banning the sale and serving of sugary drinks, which are high in calories and have little or no nutritional value Conclusion A good solution to any health concerns would be to grow your own food in a garden in your yard. When you grow your own food, you know what’s going into the food, where it is coming from, and how fresh it is. Foods grown by you are usually the healthiest, too, because it is almost always a natural process.[ Dong D, Lin B.], Research which have been executed in the current past have established that fast food is the foremost source of obesity amongst the school going kids particularly in areas which fast food outlets are located close to schools or areas visited by this section of the population. In a few areas authorities have gone further on to limit opening up of outlets close to school to avert the children from over consuming these foods. This is one of the measures which must be reinforced to make certain that the kids to not over pamper in fast food divulging them to obesity. The masses must also be taught on the hazards of fast food, people must be persuaded to moderate their use to keep away from weight problems and additional complications connected with it. There are a variety of ways for promoting healthy weight in kids. We can resolve overeating of food issues at home and school. We can force our children to increase exercise and activity. For the majority children who are heavy or overweight, the safest and the majority efficient means to lose weight is to eat less andexerciseextra.. Make a chart this month to restrict fast food. You definitely do not have to slash it out altogether, nevertheless center on small improvements to the degree that you can. Just by setting your lunch a few days a week, you can use considerably less fat and calories. As it turns out to be easier for you, make extra changes. Steady changes can guide to an extensive healthy life. Health is more significant then taste as a result by increasing eating homemade food give assurance to our health by giving up consumption of fast food calories or fats and refined sugar and by eating fresh vegetables, fruits, milk and additional nutrient horded food in our daily diet. As a result, we have got to give up fast food and consume food which provides vitamins, fiber, minerals and additional protecting food to safeguard us in opposition to heart attack, diabetes cancers, and additional degenerative disorders..As it can be perceived that the food which is additionally fresh have more nutritional implication as the homemade food is always fresh includes no preservative or chemical and constructs us wealthy, healthy, and wise. At last the effect appears to be that fast food is in large or small quantity provides diseases simply in contrast that homemade food enhances our health. As a result, endeavor should be to expand eating homemade food as a substitute of junk fast food. References Currie,J Vigna,S Moretti,E and Pathania,V (2009) Effects of Fast Food Restaurant on Obesity accessed from http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~sdellavi/wp/fastfoodJan09.pdf on 26th August 2011 Seeman Neil and Patrick Luciani.(2008)XXL:obesity and the limits of shame, University of Toronto Press Rabin,R (2009) Proximity to Fast Food a Factor in Student Obesity, New York Times accessed from http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/26/health/nutrition/26obese.html on 24th August 2011 Facilities Management: Definition and Scope Facilities Management: Definition and Scope There are many definitions and imprecations of the term facilities management. The British Institute for facilities Management (1996) defines it as: The practice of coordinating the physical workplace with the people and work of an organization, (It) integrates the principle of business administration, architecture and the behavioral and engineering sciences. As the overview of this definition (Figure 1.1) shows, facilities management represents broad ranging issues. Managing Facilities The overview of facilities Management Facilities Management Behavioral and engineering science The physical workspace People The work of the organization Architecture Business administration What value does facilities management has the hotels? If facilities management is about managing physical assets, it has considerable relevance to other hospitality businesses, as the property or the premises in which the hospitality is delivered, form a major part of the product package sold to customers. Customer needs could be for overnight accommodation, a meeting area or a restaurant meal. In each case, the physical assets will form an important part of the product. Some of the common elements required to produce the accommodation product are shown in figure 1.2. Guests might also require: A source of information (e.g. regarding to other amenities) Privacy Secretarial assistance Porter age Car- Parking Space Ramp Access Lifts Personal laundry service Sleeping facilities As can be seen, the physical assets are prominent. The list could go on. Whereas many of the identified needs of customers are tangible (e.g. the lift, the guestroom and the hot water) and relate to physical assets, other needs (e.g. security and feeling of well-being) are largely intangible. Since the accommodation forms a major part of product, even in small hotels, the capital outlay or revenue expenditure on the property is proportionately high compared with other businesses. In order for business to be conducted in a hotel, it is essential for at least certain of the physical assets to be actively managed. Although the term facilities management might not be used, elements of facilities management would need to be applied to hotels to achieve business success. The Accommodation product Appropriate heating lighting and ventilation Appropriate personal security Feeling of well-being Satisfactory standard of hygiene, safety, cleanliness, appearance and maintenance Provision for personal hygiene Food and beverage provision Design and dà ©cor Appropriate furniture, fittings, furnishings and equipment The development of facilities management A property based discipline Facilities management as a practice has its roots in the USA, where development took place during the 1980s. It is evolving from a property management, services and maintenance (including cleaning, caretaking, and waste disposal and catering) into a much more proactive, strategic role. In this role, it is also concerned with the design of property and the work environment, purchasing and future management and maintenance of the property thus, it covers a broad area of non-core activities (see Figure 1.3). Such activities could include IT Services and even human resources management. It is strategic role of facilities management which will be developed in this book. The evolution of facilities management Repairs and maintenance Cleaning and waste disposal Property purchase and design for target market Property valuation to determine use Refits to meet change or need Changes of service to meet change in demand patterns Policies on space utilization and staffing implications Policies on planned management of all physical assets From a management perspective, facilities management must consider the needs of all building users, together with the needs of others who may affect by the management of the building. The needs of the following people, therefore, have to be considered. Shareholders have an interest in business and property value and the asset value and service standards must be maintained or developed. Employees need an efficient working environment. This is conductive to high morale and to high morale and to high quality and productivity. Customers in a hotel will not only be visiting the establishment, the will, hopefully, enjoy using its facilities. Considerable expertise must go into creating an atmosphere and environment which reinforces the good image of the organization. The local community will be affected by the property. Aspects such as visual appearance, pollution, traffic (as a result of business), employment and the encouragement of local custom must be all managed. Reliable suppliers who provide consistent quality are very important to the success of any organization. They might be providing a service, staff, equipment or supplies. Partnership, strategic alliances and other agreements are some means by which this group can be managed. Recent history gives some indication as to how and why the concept of facilities management, in general, not just in the hospitality industry, has developed in the last decade and the hospitality industry, has developed in the last decade and suggest that although many of the strands are not new, the overall approach does not have a different emphasis. The various factors which may have attributed to the rise in facilities management will now be considered. The scope of facilities management Car fleet management Cleaning Construction Contract management Energy management Furniture selection Human resources Health and safety Interior design Lighting IT management Linen and laundry Maintenance Mechanical engineering Organizational behavior Project management Reprographics and design Security Space planning management Procurement and supplies management Travel management Accounts Acoustics Architecture Computer and design Factors attributing to the development of facilities management Cost reductions Fierce competition, depressed trading conditions, higher energy costs and other economic elements have forced companies to look at all means of reducing costs and maintaining the market edge. Facilities costs can be very significant. Stipanuk and Roffman (1992) estimated that a full service hotel of under 125 rooms has an average expense of 11.9 per cent of turnover for property management and energy. With costs, savstings can best be made at the design stage of buildings. The development of ideas on terotechnology (considering life-cycle costs at the planning stage) is yet another probable stimulus for the development of facilities management concepts. In response to the rising awareness of property costs, attempts have been made to forecast total ownership costs of buildings (life-cycle costs) at the planning stage. These costs would include: Initial (fixed costs) + Operating costs + Residual costs (e.g. demolition or sale). The need for flexibility Continuous change of policy, market and methods within organizations is now common. Whereas once, such decisions and changes whereas once, such decisions and changes were momentous and seen to be long-lasting, now they are considered to be more routine. At one time, there was only an occasional need for someone to oversee change whereas now that person is needed full-time. Changes related to physical assets include extending or reducing overall working space, modifying workstations to facilitate changing work methods or achieving building modifications in line with rate of churn (i.e. movement of personnel within the jobs in the building). Obsolescence related to workspace rarely, means physical delay, it often means the right fabric in the place. Such as process of change has been evidenced in hotels with relation to computerization and in restaurants as eating habits change and customer expectations of environment alter. In addition, response time needs to be fast. Downtime is wast e. Hotel rooms are a perishable commodity as those not sold twice tomorrow night. Acknowledgement of the facilities as a major resource of the business itself, often means that premises are used round the clock. Trends in the development of facilities management Many changes in recent years have been technological (e.g. building design and telecommunications). At the same time, human needs and expectations have changed and there is need to bridge the gap between the technical and human (see figure 1.6). In looking at the growth of facilities management in the UK, a number of trends become evident. Management and customer perceptions Need to change physical assets from overheads to resources Prestige Employee needs and expectations Working conditions Morale Sick building syndrome Negligence claims Need for flexibility Continuous market changes Need for responses Heavier use of facilities Cost reductions Competition Depressed trading conditions Higher energy conditions Higher energy costs Higher cost of space Need for operational efficiency Downsizing Need to focus on core competitiveness Government policies Compulsory competitive tendering Health and safety

The Armadillo :: essays research papers fc

The Armadillo is a very different creature. It has tremendous claws, but no fighting instinct. They have teeth, but not in front, except for the milk teeth some have during infancy. They have long tongues because they catch insects. A strange thing which these animals have is a coat armor, unique among other animals. They have bony plate armor on the outside of their bodies'. Each species has a different pattern for every little plate they carry. They all are great burrowers. They sink a hole with them in it as one approaches. It takes a good man to haul even a little one back if it is halfway down it's retreat under the ground.They are active, running with a tiptoe trot. Their trot is as an aged pony that is tired. They have a varied diet. They hunt by night.Today's Armadillos are not the biggest armadillos that have ever existed. The soil of South America is full of larger Armadillo bones from the past. Some of the past bones were as much as sixteen feet long including the tail. Some even migrated to Texas.There are several species of these animals. The Six-banded Armadillos were good burrowers and massive devourers of insects. They also ate vegetable matter and were useful for devouring carrion. One specie called the Peludo was clumsy bet was effective in getting a snake to its armored hide and grinding the life out of it. It then eats the snake not effected by the poison. The king of the tribe is the Great Armadillo. It is a big creature in appearance, a yard in length from nose to tail covered with the armor. It even has armor on its legs. Its claws are very long and awfully strong. The Three- banded Armadillos had a further protection. They are able to curl up like a hedgehog and present an impenetrable ball to an enemy. It is similar than that of a hedgehog or the porcupine, but it is more interesting because of the way they fit themselves into their armor. Their head and tail pass perfectly through openings in the upper surface of the armor.

Euthanasia Essay: Assisted Suicide is Wrong -- Euthanasia Physician As

Assisted Suicide is Wrong      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A Saskatchewan farmer, Robert Latimer, was sentenced to life in prison last year for the 1993 second-degree murder of his severely disabled daughter, Tracy. He asphyxiated her with exhaust from his pick-up (Heinrich).    Assisted Suicide is somewhat related to Euthanasia. The word Euthanasia comes from the Greek language: eu meaning "good" and thanatos meaning "death". The meaning of the word has evolved from "good death" . It now refers to the act of ending a person's life, at their request. There are two types of Euthanasia. The first, Passive Euthanasia is the death of a person by removing life support equipment, stop taking medication, or not eating and drinking which allows the person to dehydrate or starve to death. These acts are preformed on suffering people so that natural death will happen sooner. The second type of Euthanasia is Active Euthanasia. It is the death of a person through a direct action such as an over dose of pills or a lethal injection.    Assisted Suicide is morally wrong and should be against the law. Killing someone used to be called "murder," now it is "assisted suicide." The Roman Catholic, Lutheran and Episcopal churches have made formal statements that oppose doctor-assisted suicide. They want it to remain that people would not have on option to choose an early death. Many faith groups within Christian, Muslim, Jewish and other religions believe that God gives life and therefore only God should take it away. They feel that we are all stewards of our own lives, but that suicide should never be an option. In June of 1997, the Supreme Court rendered a decision on assisted suicide. They found that the average American has no constitutional r... ...World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. World Book, Inc., Chicago Il. 1882. Pg. 53.    Heinrich, Jeff. " Medical symposium discusses legalizing assisted suicide." The Gazette. January 30, 1996, Internet. Nov. 02, 1997    Hippocrates. World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. World Book, Inc., Chicago Il. 1882. Pg. 227.    "EUTHANASIA AND PHYSICIAN ASSISTED SUICIDE: ALL SIDES." Internet. Nov. 02, 1997 http://www.religioustolerance.org/euthanas.htm    Krauthammer, Charles. "First and Last, Do No Harm." Time. April 15, 1996, Pg. 83.    Saveri, Gabrielle. "An Ethicist Insists Patients Need Help Living Not Dying." People Weekly. May 22, 1995, Pg.91    Shapiro, Joseph P. "Expanding a right to die."U.S. News & World Report. April 15, 1996, Pg. 63.    Sheed, Wilfred. "Dr. Death, a 90's Celebrity." Time. June 3, 1996. Pg. 80.

Provinces of the Philippines and Spanish Influence Origin

SUBMITTED BY: Vince Carlo M. Payumo II-St. Martin Submitted To: Ms. Fatima Mallari NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION (NCR) * ARAY TYPE: Spanish Influence ORIGIN: Ermita, Manila PRONUNCIATION: (ah-RAHY) The Aray is a Filipino form of the Spanish jota accompanied by sprightly steps. The dance, itself, is flirtatious  and involves the graceful use of  tambourines by women. * PASIGIN TYPE: Rural Folks ORIGIN: Pasig Pasigin came from the word Pasig that is mentioning the name of the river. The dance was interpreting and inspiring the life of the fishermen. * PAYPAY DE MANILA TYPE: Spanish Influence ORIGIN: ManilaA dance performed by lovely young  ladies carrying scented fans and flirts with  young men with canes and straw hats. Ladies dances their way to the heart of the men they desire through the use of a fan. Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) * BANOG TYPE: Cordillera Dance ORIGIN: Ifugao This dance depicts hunters protecting their hen and  chicks in Binaylan from a hungry hawk. Th e hunters trap the hawk and kill it in the end. * BENDAYAN TYPE: Cordillera Dance ORIGIN: Benguet This is a circle dance, which is being performed to celebrate the  arrival of successfulheadhunters. It is also popularly known as  Bendian. * DINUYYATYPE: Cordillera Dance ORIGIN: Ifugao PRONUNCIATION: (dih-NOOH-yah) This is a festival dance from Lagawe. It is performed by the Ifugao men and women during a major feast. Accompanying the dance  are three gangsa or gongs: the tobtob, a brass gong about ten inches in diameter and played by beating with open palms, and the various hibat or gongs played by beating the inner surface with a stick of softwood. * LUMAGEN TYPE: Cordillera Dance ORIGIN: Kalinga PRONUNCIATION: (looh-MAH-gehn) A dance performed at Kalinga  festivals to celebrate Thanksgiving and occasions suchas the birth of a first-born child, victories in battle, and marriage. SALIP TYPE: Cordillera Dance ORIGIN: Kalinga PRONUNCIATION: (SAH-lihp) A Kalinga wedding dance th at depicts a warrior claiming his bride presenting her with a matrimonial blanket. The woman responds by balancing several clay pots upon her head. * SALISID TYPE: Cordillera Dance ORIGIN: Kalinga A courtship dance being done to symbolize a rooster trying to attract the attention of  a hen. This is performed and portrayed by both male and female which serves as the rooster and hen respectively. The dance starts when each  of them are given  a piece of cloth known as â€Å"ayob† or â€Å"allap† * TAKILING TYPE: Spanish InfluenceORIGIN: Lubuagan, Kalingga The homecoming of triumphant head hunters after a  successful kayaw of  headhunting, done to avenge the death or evil done to a family member or relative is celebrated with the playing of special gongs called gangsa. The minger or successful warriors are honoured by their female relatives with  gift of feather of lawi,beads or bongon and colorful g-string s  called ba-ag. Victory songs are sung by  the b y the villagers while the minger dance with closed fists while the bodan or the unsuccessful members of the headhunting group are demoted to  playing the gangsas. * TAREKTEKTYPE: Cordillera Dance ORIGIN: Benguet A woodpecker courtship dance which imitates the movements of the  birds, with a colorful blanket for a prop. * UYAOY / UYAUY TYPE: Cordillera Dance ORIGIN: Ifugao PRONUNCIATION: (OOH-yah-OOHY) An Ifugao wedding festival dance,  which makes use of gongs and  is usuallyperformed by the affluent wealthy  people. Those who have performed this dance areentitled to the use of gongs at their death. Ilocos Region (Region I) * LA SIMPATIKA TYPE: Spanish Influence ORIGIN: Pangasinan Simpatika means demure, charming, and lovable, which are the qualities of asenorita deeply in love.The flavor and context of La Simpatika centers on loveexploits of gentlemen suitors who are after the love of their life. In the Philippineswhere moral rules are strict and binding, society calls fo r the ladies to be impeccablydemure and gentlemen to be prim and proper. * MANMANOK TYPE: Cordillera Dance ORIGIN: Ilocos Norte PRONUNCIATION: (mahn-mah-NOHK) A dance featuring tribe roosters from the  Bago Tribe competing for the attention of  Lady Lien. They use blankets designed with colorful plumes as a means to attract her. * OASIWAS TYPE: Christian Dances ORIGIN: Pangasinan PRONUNCIATION: (wah-SEE-wahs)After a good catch, fishermen of Lingayen would celebrate by drinking wine and bydancing, swinging and circling a lighted lamp hence the name â€Å"Oasiwas,† which in the Pangasinan dialect means â€Å"swinging. † This  unique and colorful dance calls for skill in balancing an oil lamp on  the head while circling in each hand a lighted lamp wrapped in a porous cloth or fishnet. The waltz-style music is similar to that of  Pandanggo sa Ilaw. Cagayan Valley (Region II) * JOTA CAGAYANA TYPE: Spanish Influence ORIGIN: Cagayan This dance originated from Spain and found its way into many places in the islands.Although it is â€Å"Filipinized† in many ways, Jota Cagayana still displays the fire and fury of its Europe an origin. It is performed by the Ibanags situated in the Cagayan Valley. The steps are similar to that of the famous European dance steps such as the mazurka, polka, gallop and waltz. * JOTA ISABELA TYPE: Spanish Influence ORIGIN: Isabela An Ilocano dance performed by Ilocano settlers of the woodlands of old Isabela. * TURAYEN TYPE: Cordillera Dance ORIGIN: Cagayan Gaddang originated from the word ‘ga' and ‘dang' which means heat and burned respectively. The Gaddangs live in the middle of the Cagayan Valley.Their dialect is similar to that of the Ilokanos. Most of them are Christian converts and into agriculture. In this dance, the Gaddang imitates the birds attracted to tobacco trees. Central Luzon (Region III) * HABANERA JOVENCITA TYPE: Spanish Influence ORIGIN: Zambales PRONUNCIATION: (ah-bahn-NYER-rah d eh hoh-vehn-SEEH-tah) A graceful and beautiful habanera dance usually performed at a women's debut or wedding. Jovencita means â€Å"young lady† in  Spanish. CALABARZON (Region IV-A) * ABARURAY TYPE: Spanish Influence ORIGIN: Quezon PRONUNCIATION: (ah-bah-ROOH-rahy)The name of this dance came from a contraction of the words Aba and Ruray. Such dance is performed by the girls who balances the glass of wine on their head from which the young man drinks. * BALSE TYPE: Spanish Influence ORIGIN: Rizal PRONUNCIATION: (BAHL-seh) Derived from the Spanish word â€Å"valse,† that means waltz, the dance was popular in Marikina and Rizal province during the Spanish times. Balse was performed after the Lutrina – a religious  procession, and the music that accompanied the dancers was played by the musikong bungbong or  musicians using instruments made of bamboo. MAGLALATIK TYPE: Rural Folks ORIGIN: Laguna PRONUNCIATION: (mahg-lah-lah-TIHK) A native dance, which makes us e  of coconut shells as props. All the  male dancers were using harnesses of coconut shells positioned on their backs, chests, hips  and thighs. * MALAGUENA TYPE: Spanish Influence ORIGIN: Quezon A favorite dance of the people from Laguna and Quezon during the Spanish times. * POLKABAL TYPE: Christian Dances ORIGIN: Atimonan, Quezon PRONUNCIATION: (POHL-kah-bahl) A dance influenced by two  distinct European styles: polka and valse. SUBLIAN TYPE: Rural Folks ORIGIN: Batangas Subli came from two Tagalog  words, the â€Å"subsub† means stooped or in a  crouching position and â€Å"bali† means broken. The dance was first seen many years ago in the barrio of Dingin, Alitagtag, Batangas. It was done during the town and barrio fiestas in the month of  May. This is sacred and  dance as ceremonial worship performed in homage to the Holy Cross that referred to Mahal na Poong Santa Cruz. MIMAROPA (Region IV-B) * JOTA PARAGUA TYPE: Spanish Influence ORIGIN: Palawan PRONUNCIATION: (pah-RAHG-wah)A dance originating from Zamboanga  which makes use of Philippine bamboo castanets being held loosely and  displays steps with very strong Castillian influence. * KARATONG TYPE: Muslim Dance ORIGIN: Palawan The annual parade of  San Agustine includes the celebration of blossoming mangotrees that grow abundantly on the island of Cuyo, the former capital of the Palawan province. Starting at the church patio and ending at the town plaza, groups of ladies sway their colorful â€Å"bunga manga,† which are  meant to represent the flowers of  the mango tree while the  men strike lively, syncopated beats with their  karatong.Bicol Region (Region V) * PANTOMINA TYPE: Spanish Influence ORIGIN: Bicol A dance imitating the complex stages of love and courtship. This is also a popular dance at any social gathering. Western Visayas (Region VI) * GAYONG GAYONG TYPE: Muslim Dance ORIGIN: Aklan, Capiz In rural gatherings, this dance offers much fun. Gayong is a pet name for Leodegario. According to the legend and to the words of the song, Gayong and Masiong (pet name for Dalmacio) once attended a feast commemorating the death of  a townsman. While eating, Masiong choked on a piece of Adobo so he called, â€Å"Gayong! Gayong! to ask for help to dislodge a bone from the Adobo meal from his throat. In this dance, Masiong's liking  for feasts and the consequence of his  voracity are held up to playful ridicule * PASEO DE ILOILO TYPE: Spanish Influence ORIGIN: Iloilo PRONUNCIATION: (PAH-say-oh deh eeh-loh-EEH-loh) The most sophisticated courtship and flirtation dance  of the Spanish Era. This dance portrays the men competing against each other in order to win the heart of a young lady. Central Visayas (Region VII) * MAZURKA BOHOLANA TYPE: Spanish Influence ORIGIN: Bohol Mazurka Boholana  is a Spanish-inspired ballroom dance from the Bohol province of the Philippines.The country was under the rule of Spain for more than th ree hundred years, during which time local culture was markedly influenced. Although the mazurka is the Polish national dance, it was wildly popular  throughout Europe in the 19th century and even in colonized lands overseas. The Philippine dance is ordinarily performed by men and women partners. Eastern Visayas (Region VIII) * ALCAMFOR TYPE: Muslim Dance ORIGIN: Leyte PRONUNCIATION: (ahl-kahm-FOHR) This is a couple’s dance in which the girl holds a handkerchief laced with camphor oil, a substance that supposedly induces romance. * MALAKAS AT MAGANDATYPE: Tribal Dance ORIGIN: Leyte This is a legend and ancient tradition dance wherein it has been said that a  weary bird perched on a huge bamboo because it heard some strange noises inside. It pecked the bamboo, split open and there came from the inside, ‘Malakas' the first man and ‘Maganda' the first woman. Malakas (The Strong) and Maganda (The Beautiful) are the parents of all the people of the island. * TIADOT TYPE: Christian Dances ORIGIN: Samar A South American inspired dance. Gaily-dressed couples show off the  fashion of the period, long tailed skirts and American Serrada suits.Zamboanga Peninsula (Region IX) * PANGALAY TYPE: Muslim Dance ORIGIN: Zamboanga del Sur PRONUNCIATION: (pahng-AH-lahy) A popular festival dance in Sulu. This is a traditional fingernail dance being performed at wedding celebrations held by the affluent families. Northern Mindanao (Region X) * DUGSO TYPE: Tribal Dance ORIGIN: Bukidnon PRONUNCIATION: (DOOHG-soh) A thanksgiving dance from the Talaindig Tribe. Davao Region (Region XI) * BAGOBO RICE CYCLE TYPE: Tribal Dance ORIGIN: Davao del Norte A tribal dance from the Bagobo Tribe which portrays the cycle of planting and harvesting of rice.SOCCSKSARGEN (Region XII) * KADAL TAHAW TYPE: Tribal Dance ORIGIN: South Cotabato A T'boli bird dance. This is being done to celebrate the good planting and harvesting which simulates the flights and hops of the tahaw bird. * KAPA MALONG MALONG TYPE: Muslim Dance ORIGIN: Cotabato PRONUNCIATION: (KAH-pah MAH-long MAH-long) A traditional Maranao dance performed by women wearing a malong, shawl, mantle or a head-piece whereas the  men's version uses a sash or waist-band, shorts or bahag, and a head-gear or a turban which can also be used while working in the fields. * SAGAYAN TYPE: Muslim DanceORIGIN: Cotabato A Maranao war dance performed  by fierce warriors. They carry a shield elaborately painted with curlicues, rounds, twirls and mirrors. This is also  performed before any celebration or gathering as a means to drive away the evil spirits as well as to welcome the good fortunes or omen. Caraga Region (Region XIII) * BINAYLAN TYPE: Tribal Dance ORIGIN: Agusan PRONUNCIATION: (bih-NYE-lahn) This is a ritual dance, which originated from the Bagobo tribe living in the central uplands of Mindanao, imitating the movements of a hen, her banog or baby chicks, and a hawk.The hawk is sacred and is believed that it has the  power over the wellbeing of the tribe. The hawk tries to capture one of the baby chicks and is killed bythe hunters. * ITIK-ITIK TYPE: Rural Folks ORIGIN: Surigao del Norte PRONUNCIATION: (EEH-tihk-EEH-tihk) This dance is performed at a baptismal party held in the province of Surigao del Norte. Such dance improvises the movements and steps that  is typical of how an itikor the duck acts and walks. Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) * ASIK TYPE: Muslim DanceORIGIN: Lanao del Sur PRONUNCIATION: (ah-SIHK) A Bagobo Festival dance wherein the girl wears long metal fingernails while holding an umbrella and posing in doll-like motions. * PAGAPIR TYPE: Muslim Dance ORIGIN: Lanao del Sur This dance is being performed by the ladies of the royal court in preparation for an important event. These ladies gracefully manipulate the Apir or fan while doing small steps or the so-called â€Å"kini-kini† which for them is a sign of having a good upbringing. * PANG ALAY HA PATTONGTYPE: Muslim Dance ORIGIN: Tawi-Tawi PRONUNCIATION: (pahng-AH-lahy-hah-pah-TOHNG) A dance performed by a royal couple balancing on top of bamboo poles and imitating the movements of a southern boat  with colorful sails or the so-called  Ã¢â‚¬Å"vinta†. * PANGALAY SA AGONG TYPE: Muslim Dance ORIGIN: Sulu A Tausug's traditional dance wherein two warriors compete against  each other for the attention of a  young woman. They use gongs to show th eir prowess and skill. * PANGSAK TYPE: Muslim Dance ORIGIN: Basilan